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International Journal of Bioprinting Innovative manufacturing of ω-3-enriched chocolate

behavior of chocolate is regarded as a favorable attribute diets as they support health and physical performance;
for melt extrusion 3D printing. Lanaro et al. stated that, moreover, they may lower the risk of developing several
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despite differences between brands, most chocolates are diseases. Gómez-Mascaraque et al. determined that
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based on cocoa, fat, and various triglycerides; they noted electrospraying processes produce ω-3 capsules with
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that conditions in which these triglyceride structures are a greater encapsulation rate. Compared to neat oil,
thermally stable should be adjusted to achieve efficient microencapsulated oil is more bioaccessible; controlled
printing. Mantihal et al. reported that accurate temperature release may be obtained depending on the characteristics
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control and optimization of chocolate particle size could of the emulsifying and encapsulating agents. 23
boost printing efficiency. Another crucial parameter A linear polymer derived from sea algae, sodium
is that grating chocolate before melting could reduce alginate (SA), has a molecular weight ranging from
its particle size and prevent blockages during printing. thousands to hundreds of thousands. SA exhibits several
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Karavasili et al. produced ibuprofen or paracetamol- advantageous qualities, including low toxicity, low cost,
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loaded 3D-printed chocolate to obtain high and rapid water-retaining functionality, and degradability. SA is
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release from pediatric-friendly chocolates. Several studies frequently utilized in the chemical, food, and biomedical
have utilized 3D printing for the preparation of complex industries; for example, SA microcapsules have been used
structures using chocolate. This approach was aimed to encapsulate tissues and cells. Bioactive molecules can
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at obtaining nutritionally fortified foods by adding active be encapsulated in SA microcapsules; this approach can
substances, such as vitamins, proteins, and probiotics, to facilitate the controlled release of the bioactive molecules
foods. 9–11 Moreover, dosage forms with controlled release and shield the bioactive molecules from enzymolysis in the
characteristics can be produced using 3D printing. Due to gastrointestinal system. 24
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characteristics such as solubility, drug release patterns, and
diffusivity, nano-scale drug delivery provides considerable To our knowledge, there is no existing research on the
advantages that can increase the effectiveness of drug 3D printing of chocolate and subsequent coating with ω-3
delivery systems. Nanoparticles have been created using particles. Therefore, we aim to: (i) produce 3D-printed
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electrospray technology. Electrospraying, a process of chocolates enriched with ω-3; (ii) encapsulate ω-3 into
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atomizing liquid through electrical forces, enhances SA biopolymeric particles using electrospraying; (iii)
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chemical stability and enables prolonged release in vivo by compare the in vitro release profiles of chocolates directly
utilizing nanoencapsulation; this approach was recently mixed with polymeric ω-3 and chocolates coated with
applied for encapsulating and stabilizing dietary bioactive ω-3 particles; (iv) extend the ω-3 release time to achieve
compounds, such as curcumin, folic acid, lycopene, a controlled release; (v) evaluate the rheological, chemical
and epigallocatechin gallate, as well as live cells (e.g., bonding (via Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] analysis),
Lactobacillus acidophilus). The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty color, thermal, and mechanical properties of chocolates;
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acids are widely utilized as functional components in food and (vi) examine the retention of bioactive compounds
and medicine due to their high biological activity. Some from chocolates during simulated in vitro digestion.
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ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are found in 2. Materials and methods
aquatic organisms, particularly in oily fish (e.g., mackerel, 2.1. Materials
salmon, and menhaden) and in the oils of marine mammals Couverture dark chocolate (Ulker Biscuits Industry Inc.,
(e.g., seals and whales). ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids also Turkey) and ω-3 (TASA, PERU) were purchased from
occur naturally in the livers of lean white fish (e.g., halibut a neighborhood market. SA (molecular weight [M ] =
w
and cod). The human body is unable to produce ω-3 on 216000 g/mol), all reagents, solvents, α-amylase (1500
its own. In a study performed by Pacifico et al., DHA U/mL; A1031), pancreatin (800 U/mL; P7545), lipase
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supplements were given to children with nonalcoholic fatty (2000 U/mL; L3126), bile salts (160 mM; B8631), and
liver disease for 6 months, resulting in significant reductions pepsin (25000 U/mL; P7012) were acquired from Sigma-
of liver fat, epicardial adipose tissues, and visceral adipose Aldrich Ltd. (Germany). The foods produced in this study
tissues; in addition, fasting insulin and triglyceride values pose no risks to human health, as all ingredients are of
were improved in the treated children. De Goede et al. natural origin.
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studied 21342 participants between the ages of 20 and 65
and demonstrated that fatal coronary heart disease and 2.2. Rheological analysis
fatal myocardial infarction rates were reduced in EPA A rotational rheometer, the Lamy RM 200 from Lamy
and DHA-consuming individuals in a dose-responsive Rheology Instruments (France), was employed to
manner. Therefore, ω-3 fatty acids should be a part of our conduct rheological assessments using the method of

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 375 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3969