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International Journal of Bioprinting Nanomaterial-bioinks for DLP bioprinting

Figure 10. Gene expression of osteogenic differentiation markers in constructs composed of GelMaBB or GelMaBB-CaP. (A) PCR results for all four
donors on day 14 (n = 3 donors). (B–D) PCR results for each of the three donors on day 14 (n = 3 donors). Statistics were evaluated using two-way
ANOVA; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. Abbreviations: ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; GelMa: Gelatin
methacrylamide; BB: Brilliant Black; CaP: Calcium phosphate; GO: Graphene oxide.

a higher gene expression of osteocalcin, which is a marker free DLP-printed GelMa constructs. However, we observed
associated with osteogenic differentiation. Other markers that the slightly increased stiffness of GelMaGO enhanced
associated with early osteogenic differentiation, such as the actin cytoskeleton structure. Incorporation of CaP
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) or collagen gene expression, nanoparticles improved the osteogenic differentiation of
exhibited less consistent trends. However, the gene hMSCs, indicated by calcification and gene expression, and
expression data obtained highlight the osteogenic impact revealed the highest impact on osteogenic differentiation
of GelMaBB-CaP on hMSCs in DLP-bioprinted constructs. compared to the other samples. In general, the application
of nanomaterials in DLP-printed constructs did not
4. Discussion interfere with the printing process, though slight changes
in pore sizes and porosity were observed.
In this study, we developed different bioink formulations
based on GelMa and the nanomaterials CaP and GO for In bioprinting, the selection of printing technology
DLP-bioprinting. The influence of the GelMa-based bioink and the design of bioprinted constructs are highly
in combination with the nanomaterials on mechanical interdependent factors. DLP offers a high printing
properties and cellular parameters, such as cell viability, resolution, enabling precise and defined printing of
proliferation, and differentiation, was directly compared biomimetic implants that conform to the shape of specific
using a variety of methods. GelMaBB samples displayed bone defects. 30,72 In addition, DLP provides flexibility in
the highest cell viability and proliferation of hMSCs within designing internal implant structures with various pore
the construct. Notably, GO increased the stiffness of cell- sizes, shapes, and patterns. The integration of smaller

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 487 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4015