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Kriegel, et al.
on the interconnection of tendon and bone and Wang Formal analysis: Anja Kriegel, Ulrike Ritz, and Hermann
[57]
found that BSP collagen in subcutaneous pouches did not Götz
induce calcification. These results are confirmed by our Funding acquisition: Franz Paul Armbruster
data. Investigation: Anja Kriegel, Christian Schlosser, Tanja
Most in vivo studies describing a positive effect of Habeck, and Christoph Dahmen
BSP in regard to bone regeneration were performed in a Methodology: Anja Kriegel, Andreas Baranowski,
cranial model, where no mechanical stability of the implant Hermann Götz, and Ulrike Ritz
is needed. In our femora model, we combined PLA with Project administration: Ulrike Ritz
collagen type I and BSP to receive a mechanically stable Resources: Philipp Drees, Franz Paul Armbruster, and
osteoinductive implant, whose mechanical stability has Pol Maria Rommens
been demonstrated in a former study . The combination Validation: Anja Kriegel, Ulrike Ritz, and Andreas
[26]
of collagen type I with 3D-printed polylactide structures Baranowski
has been used before. However, most studies describe Writing – original draft: Ulrike Ritz
osteogenic effects when 3D-printed PLA scaffolds were Writing – review and editing: Anja Kriegel, Ulrike Ritz,
surface coated with collagen type I and/or other bioactive Andreas Baranowski, Franziska Clauder, Philipp
molecules [58,59] and not when bioactive molecules were Drees, and Pol Maria Rommens.
incorporated into a polylactide scaffold. Our study is
the first to demonstrate the positive effect of BSP when Availability of data
incorporated into collagen type I. The raw/processed data required to reproduce these

4. Conclusion findings cannot be shared at this time due to technical or
time limitations.
In our study, we could show that BSP incorporated into
collagen type I enhances osteogenic effects in vitro as well References
as in vivo. Especially the combination with 3D-printed 1. Florencio-Silva R, Sasso GR, Sasso-Cerri E, et al., 2015,
polylactide demonstrated positive results regarding
bridging of a critical size bone defect in a femora rat Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors
model. This 3D-biofabricated cell-free biomaterial That Influence Bone Cells. Biomed Res Int, 2015:421746.
consisting of PLA and collagen type I with incorporated https://doi.org/1155/2015/421746
BSP can be easily produced and is a promising biomaterial 2. Staines KA, MacRae VE, Farquharson C, 2012, The
to be further analyzed for its application as bone substitute Importance of the SIBLING Family of Proteins on Skeletal
material.
Mineralisation and Bone Remodelling. J Endocrinol,
Acknowledgments 214:241–55.
https://doi.org/1530/JOE-12-0143
This work is part of the doctoral theses of Anja Kriegel,
Christian Schlosser, and Christoph Dahmen. We thank 3. Vincent K, Durrant MC, 2013, A Structural and Functional
the tissue bank of the University Medical Center Mainz Model for Human Bone Sialoprotein. J Mol Graph Model,
for their support in histological analyses. 39:108–17.
https://doi.org/1016/j.jmgm.2012.10.007
Funding 4. Gordon JA, Tye CE, Sampaio AV, et al., 2007, Bone

This project was funded by Immundiagnostik AG. Sialoprotein Expression Enhances Osteoblast Differentiation
and Matrix Mineralization In Vitro. Bone, 41:462–73.
Conflicts of interest
https://doi.org/1016/j.bone.2007.04.191
Franz Paul Armbruster is the CEO of Immundiagnostik 5. Bouleftour W, Juignet L, Bouet G, et al., 2016, The Role
AG and Franziska Clauder is the employee of of the SIBLING, Bone Sialoprotein in Skeletal Biology
Immundiagnostik AG. All other authors state no conflicts Contribution of Mouse Experimental Genetics. Matrix Biol,
of interest.
52–54:60–77.
Authors’ contributions https://doi.org/1016/j.matbio.2015.12.011

Conceptualization: Ulrike Ritz, Philipp Drees, Pol Maria 6. Monfoulet L, Malaval L, Aubin JE, et al., 2010, Bone
Rommens, and Franz Paul Armbruster Sialoprotein, but not Osteopontin, Deficiency Impairs the
Data curation: Andreas Baranowski, Ulrike Ritz, and Mineralization of Regenerating Bone during Cortical Defect
Anja Kriegel Healing. Bone, 46:447–52.

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