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Ghosh and Yi
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of different biomaterials.
Biomaterials Derived from Compositions Advantages Disadvantages Reference
Alginate Brown algae Alginate is a group of i. Can be used i. Cellular responses [92]
(Phaeophyceae) linear copolymers made up for bioprinting differ depending
such as of blocks of (1,4)-linked at various on the source of
Laminaria β-D-mannuronate (M) concentrations (2 stimulus.
hyperborea, and α-L-guluronate (G) – 4%). ii. Because of its
Laminaria residues. ii. Construct very hydrophilic
digitata, stability nature, it has low
Laminaria iii. Biocompatible, cell adhesion and
japonica, low toxicity, and protein adsorption.
Ascophyllum affordable iii. In vitro
nodosum, and iv. Crosslinking is degradation is
Macrocystis simple. rapid (40% within
pyrifera are 9 days), and
used to make additional dopants
commercial are required for
alginate. stability.
iv. Absent
cell-binding
motifs
Agarose Agarose is Made of repeating units i. Shape fidelity is i. Cell adhesion and [92,93]
commonly of agarobiose, which maintained over a protein adsorption
extracted from is a disaccharide unit wide temperature resistance
red seaweed made up of (1,3) linked range. ii. Can hybridize with
(red algae) β-D-galactopyranose ii. Soft tissue another polymer to
species such and (1,4) linked α-3,6- stiffness in the provide biological
as Gracilaria, anhydro-L-galactopyranose natural range characteristics
Ceramium, iii. Biodegradable iii. Dispensing
Gelidium, iv. Non-toxic requires a high
Pterocladia, v. Cost effective temperature
Acanthopeltis, (70°C) and gels at
and low temperatures.
Campylaephora
Cellulose Cellulose is It is mainly composed i. Capacity to [94,95]
a biopolymer of repeated units of improve the i. Inadequate thermal
found in b-D-glucopyranose that are structure’s stability
abundance in held together by covalent porosity. ii. Moisture
plant cell walls bonds between the OH ii. Elasticity absorption
and released groups of the C4 and C1 iii. Binding ability to iii. Incompatible
in pure form carbon atoms. other substances with hydrophobic
by various iv. High viscosity of polymers
microorganisms. bioinks
v. Biocompatible
vi. Biodegradable
Chitosan Chitin is found Chitin is a polymer of i. Biocompatible i. Low mechanical [96,97]
in nature as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, ii. Biodegradable strength
crystalline and when deacetylated, iii. Non-toxic ii. Poor gelation
microfibrils the repeating units in the iv. Antimicrobial
that form the polymer are primarily v. Hydrating agent
structural parts devoid of the acetyl vi. Bio-adhesive
of arthropod functional group, i.e., as vii. Renewable
exoskeletons β-1,4-D-glucosamine, and

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International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 4 183