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Ghosh and Yi
and poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate/dimethacrylate pluronic F127 poloxamer is most commonly used for
are the most prevalent PEG hydrogels utilized for bioink 3D printing. At 4 – 5°C, this material is liquid, and at
materials . The transitioning temperature of these temperatures >16°C, it becomes a gel. In water, poly
[61]
hydrogels varies; poloxamer is an aqueous, polar, and (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-PHEMA forms a clear
non-polar organic solvent soluble copolymer [106] , while hydrogel; hence, it is suitable for bio scaffolds as it allows
oxygen (O ) to diffuse through the layer [107] . Poly (L-lactic
2
acid) and poly (D, L-lactic acid) can be dissolved in
dioxane and combined with bone morphogenic protein
ground into particles and suspended in deionized water to
create bone scaffold material [108] .

5. Application of bioinks for printing algal cells
The ability to fabricate algal and microalgal cells is
one of the most promising advances in the field of
3D bioprinting . Algae can absorb solar energy and
[25]
convert carbon dioxide into usable products, including
compounds that are used in food, biofuel, cosmetics,
and pharmacological products, including substances
with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and/or anti-
tumor properties [109] . Biofiltration or the extraction
of heavy metals, nutrients, and industrial pollutants
from wastewater, is another key application for
photoautotrophic microalgae [110,111] .
Furthermore, because microalgae are sensitive
to a wide range of pollutants, they have been used to
develop biosensors for assessing the quality of the
aquatic environment [112] . To date, bioinks composed of
natural, cell-friendly biopolymers, including alginate,
starch, silk, and carrageenan, have been used to bioprint
microalgae [25,113,114] ; however, there is still potential for
Figure 8. Extraction and application procedure of chitosan (from utilizing synthetic biopolymers as bioinks for printing
ref. licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License). algal cells.
[82]

Figure 9. Diagrammatic representation of the printing process using collagen-based bioinks. Reprinted with permission from ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 6, 7037 – 7050. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society .
[84]
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