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A Review on Bioinks and their Application in Plant Bioprinting

Figure 10. Tissues and organs can form decellularized ECMs. Bioprinting synthesizes tissues or organs that can be utilized for tissue
[86]
engineering, disease modeling, and drug development, among other things (from ref. licensed under Creative Commons Attribution
license).

Figure 11. The configuration of silk as a biomaterial is based on the extraction of silk proteins (from ref. licensed under Creative
[91]
Commons Attribution license).

5.1. Natural bioinks Previous research on this form of silk hydrogel found that
these algae-based, silk hydrogel structures supported cell
5.1.1. Environmentally sustainable microalgal silk proliferation for at least 4 weeks, as well as continuous
structures
photosynthetic activity for over 90 days [114] .
For the preparation of bioink, silk is chosen for its Microalgae within this ink were concentrated
safe, strong mechanical qualities and compatible use, at 1,200 rpm for 5 min, and then harvested to yield
environmentally friendly source, and ability to make a microalgae or microalgae-based silk inks used in
variety of materials and through several experiments, it the fabrication of silk hydrogels (Figure 12). The
had been proven that the gelation and mechanical kinetics enriched microalgal solution was then mixed within
of the hydrogel components are specifically designed for a SF solution (26 % w/v) in a 2:3 ratio per volume,
printing [115] . yielding a silk concentration of 15.6 % w/v. Microalgal
Based on biocompatibility and gelation conditions, media was only used for ink formulations that did not
living microalgae can be hosted in silk protein-based already contain microalgae. To improve the viscosity of
hydrogel compounds using this reference for the the ink mixture, which is more conducive to printing,
preparation of this bioink silk hydrogel constructs the microalgae or microalgae-based silk mixtures were
contain a strain of marine algae in the genus Platymonas. blended with a 15% w/v hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

182 International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 4