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Ghosh and Yi
Table 3. Bio-gel compositions used in the experiment described above.
Material Material Information Reference
Kappa-carrageenan The sulfated polysaccharide Kappa-carrageenan is found in [132]
red seaweed and often used as a food additive. Carrageenan is a
carbohydrate that can thicken and stabilize foods and is used as a
fat substitute in some goods. It forms a gel when extracted from
seaweed and can be used to improve food texture.
Chitosan A linear polysaccharide developed by treating the chitin shells [133]
of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline material, such
as sodium hydroxide, to produce randomly dispersed β-linked
D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Aloe vera gel Aloe barbadensis miller is a xerophytic, perennial, shrubby, or [131,134]
arborescent, succulent, pea-green hue plant that belongs to the
Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family. Aloe vera contains 75 potentially
active constituents, including vitamins (e.g., A, C, and E), enzymes
(e.g., aliiase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, bradykinase,
4
carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, lipase, and peroxidase),
minerals (e.g., calcium, chromium, copper, selenium, magnesium,
manganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc), sugars, lignin, saponin,
salicylic acids, and amino acids.
Auro clay paint AURO High-grade Clay Paint is the world’s first ready-to-use [131]
preservative-free clay paint. The composition comprises clay,
water, cellulose, mineral fillers, titanium dioxide, Replebin®,
mineral pigments, silicates, and potassium. Castor and rapeseed
oils are commonly used to produce these types of surfactants.

(Blue-Green medium with the full strength of 75%, 50%, construction industry. The findings suggested that living
and 25% dilution) and mixed [131] 3 textile materials would require a certain maintenance
.
The solution was then agitated until a consistent schedule to prevent sudden moisture evaporation, which
viscosity is reached. After achieving a gel-like could result in cell death and matrix flaking [131] .
consistency, C. vulgaris was added to the solution, which
is then mixed until it was completely homogenous, after 5.2.2. 3D printing of photosynthetic gels
which Aloe Vera was added. For chitosan treatments, This gel was made using a combination of Jeffamine
chitosan powder (food grade) has been dissolved in polygycol amines and PEG diglycidyl ether in water,
a dilution series of BG11 after the addition of acetic poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylates with various curing
acid (0.3 mL/10 mL) to the solution [131] . Once the final agents, and calcium-crosslinked alginate, among other
solution is gel-like in consistency and all components are gel compositions [135] .
homogenous, printing can begin. In this preparation, Chlorella sp. (a single-celled
The potential of C. vulgaris, which can grow in a algae genus that is green and photosynthetic) was used
low-moisture atmosphere, can be further explored in as the algae. Chlorella in suspension was obtained and
bioinks, as it can survive in numerous matrices and on a grown in dishes on wet bentonite clay under a 12 h/day
diverse range of different textiles, allowing for a broad “grow light” fluorescent bulb. Since a layer of algae can
array of possible implementations in multiple fields. This be scraped off from the clay and incorporated into the gel
work demonstrated that C. vulgaris can be grown in a
low-moisture environment in a variety of matrices and for printing, this approach is convenient.
on a variety of textiles, allowing for a broad spectrum of Approximately 5% of the algal clay paste and 7%
applications within the fabric of the building. The original of fumed silica (Cabosil was used to provide solution
study aims were to create a novel type of biological rheology with a consistency similar to that of toothpaste)
material fabricated using digital 3D printing methods and were combined into the gel for printing. On a modified
investigate the progression of this material in terms of cell Taig CNC milling machine controlled by Mach3
development and migration, thereby demonstrating live software, this paste was placed in syringes and extruded
behavior not typically associated with materials used in the by a stepper-motor powered actuator as it was moved to
construct porous 3D “logpile” structures. The alginates
3 Bradykinase reduces inflammation when applied topically. were formed after the pastes and were sprayed with a 100
International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 4 189