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Ghosh and Yi
Table 4. Utilization of bioinks and algae cells in 3D bioprinting.
Microalgal Hydrogel (Bioink) materials Mode of application Ref
species Natural Synthetic Hybrid
(Natural+Synthetic)
Platymonas Silk fibroin - - Environmental applications on a [114]
small scale
Chlorella vulgaris - - Kappa-carrageenan, Photosynthetic textile [131]
chitosan, aloe vera, biocomposites
and Auro clay
Chlamydomonas Alginate and - - Effect of extrusion pressure and [116]
reinhardtii (strain Methylcellulose needle diameter on algal cell
cc125) hydrogel-based quantity after printing
bioinks
C. reinhardtii Calcium - - Photosynthetic living textile [118]
alginate materials
C. reinhardtii Sodium alginate - - Algae-cell hydrogel filters [125]
(strain cc125) for removal of copper from
contaminated water
Chlorella spp. - - Jeffamine polygycol (i) Embedding of various cells [135]
amines, poly into the gelling matrix using
(ethylene glycol) 3D printing to form porous
diglycidyl-ether and structures, (ii) Establishing
calcium-crosslinked optimal conditions for life and
alginate growth, as with most biological
systems, can be difficult.
Numerous plant or fungal
products could be manufactured
using a 3D-printed bioreactor
technique rather than traditional
plant growth, (iii) Photosynthetic
gels

hydrogel blend based on alginate, agarose, and mc, basil through the application of immobilized cells in industrial
cells could be embedded into the structured hydrogel biotechnology.
matrix .
[27]
Most cells survived the fabrication process, 6.1.2. Novel food manufacturing using 3D-printed
according to microscopic analyses, live/dead staining, plant tissue
and metabolic measurements, and the cells could be Plant cells and tissues are of particular interest for
cultivated in the plotted constructs. The novel alg/aga/ bioprinting because of their unique textural features,
mc blend demonstrated adequate printing and shape which are linked to both their porous microstructures
fidelity, potentially allowing the fabrication of constructs and cell turgor pressures created by the cellulose-based
with open macropores in both vertical and horizontal CWs [136-138] .
directions under cell compatible conditions. Pectin is an often used biomaterial for constructing
Therefore, the plant bioprinting technology matrix components because pectin serves as a binder
presented in this study can generate a defined between cells and comprises the middle lamella within
agglomeration matrix for plant in vitro cultures, allowing plant tissues [139,140] . Cells can be properly encapsulated
the acquisition of local and time resolved data as well and then printed at room temperature using pectin-based
as the control of the mass transfer and diffusion paths bioinks [141] . Pectin is either low methoxylated (LM)
of substrates through the variation of macropore and or high methoxylated (HM) depending on the degree
strand dimensions. Bioprinted 3D cell cultures aid in of methoxylation (DM) [142] , which affects the gelation
the study of cell responses to environmental influences, mechanisms. At low pH and high sugar concentrations,
including the replication of natural plant tissue for basic hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding generate
research. Bioprinting can thus improve existing methods HM pectin gels (DM >50%) [143] . In contrast, LM pectin

International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 4 191