Page 470 - IJB-9-2

International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinting of exosomes

aspect concerning this is the sterilization of produced EXOs. Availability of data
As a biological entity, EXOs contain many components, Not applicable.
including nucleic acids, such as DNA, mRNAs, miRNAs,
proteins, lipids, etc., which are not compatible with References
conventional steam, radiation, or gas-based sterilization
techniques . These techniques have the propensity to alter 1. Doyle LM, Wang MZ, 2019, Overview of extracellular
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impurities that might compromise the safety and efficacy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.007
of produced EXOs. Other than that, EXO therapeutics 4. Li N, Rochette L, Wu Y, et al., 2019, New insights into the
should be tested for bacterial endotoxins, mycoplasma, and role of exosomes in the heart after myocardial infarction.
infectious viral load, including human immunodeficiency J Cardiovasc Transl Res, 12: 18–27.
virus I and II, hepatitis B and C viruses, cytomegalovirus, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-018-9831-z
Epstein–Barr virus, and parvovirus. Finally, as EXOs are 5. Kim YG, Choi J, Kim K, 2020, Mesenchymal stem cell-
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6. Hur YH, Feng S, Wilson KF, et al., 2021, Embryonic stem
Acknowledgments cell-derived extracellular vesicles maintain ESC stemness by
activating FAK. Dev Cell, 56: 277–291.e6.
Not applicable.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.017
Funding 7. Feng Z, Zhou J, Liu Y, et al., 2021, Epithelium- and
endothelium-derived exosomes regulate the alveolar
Not applicable.
macrophages by targeting RGS1 mediated calcium
signaling-dependent immune response. Cell Death Differ,
Conflict of interest 28: 2238–2256.
The authors declare no known conflict of interest. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00750-x

Author contributions 8. Zamani P, Fereydouni N, Butler AE, et al., 2019, The
therapeutic and diagnostic role of exosomes in cardiovascular
Conceptualization and Visualization: Arun Chandru, diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 29: 313–323.
Tuhin Bhowmick https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2018.10.010
Writing – original draft: Shivaram Selvam, Midhun Ben
Thomas 9. Liu J, Jiang F, Jiang Y, et al., 2020, Roles of exosomes in
Writing – review & editing: Shivaram Selvam, Midhun Ben ocular diseases. Int J Nanomedicine, 15: 10519–10538.
Thomas https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.S277190
10. Hill AF, 2019, Extracellular vesicles and neurodegenerative
Ethics approval and consent to participate diseases. J Neurosci, 39: 9269–9273.
Not applicable. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0147-18.2019
11. Castaño C, Novials A, Párrizas M, 2019, Exosomes and
Consent for publication diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 35: e3107.

Not applicable. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3107

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2023) 462 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.690