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International Journal of Bioprinting Applications of 3D printing in aging

Figure 2. (A) A brain-like structure made of 3D printing; the cells develop and differentiate in a certain layer, where each hue indicates a layer . Reproduced
[13]
with permission from Elsevier, Copyright © 2015, Elsevier. (B) 3D nMTC produced by printing with hNSC-loaded Al-CMC-Ag bioink using DIW. High
expression of TUJ1 and low expression of SOX2 followed the induction of differentiation . Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons,
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Copyright © 2016, John Wiley and Sons. (C) Fabrication process and structural construction of 2PP-printed biodegradable soft spiral microswimmers .
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Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons, Copyright © 2020, John Wiley and Sons. (D) 3D printing-based personalized drug customization
strategies . Reproduced with permission from Elsevier, Copyright ©2022, Elsevier.
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3D printing enhances the reproducibility of experiments organism and the imbalance of bone metabolism with
and facilitates high-throughput screening of drugs. age . During bone metabolism in the body, changes in
[91]
bone resorption occur, leading to a slow decrease in bone
3.2. Musculoskeletal system density, resulting in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is most
3.2.1. Osteoporosis frequently observed in people of advanced age, which
Osteoporosis is a common degenerative bone disease in the results in increased incidence of fractures in patients
middle-aged and elderly population and is ranked as one and has a significant impact on their physical and active
of the top three geriatric diseases in the world by WHO . functions .
[88]
[92]
Patients with osteoporosis often experience back pain as
the main symptom and are clinically characterized by 3.2.2. Osteoarthritis
impaired bone microstructure [6,89] . Aging is one of the most The advent of the aging population comes with many
critical factors closely associated with osteoporosis. With problems. Osteoarthritis (OA), which is closely related to
the gradual development of an aging society, the number age, is one of the most serious conditions. As a complicated
of patients with osteoporosis has increased dramatically . chronic disease, OA is a leading contributor to mobility
[90]
The condition is linked to the physiological decline of the impairment in aged people. OA has long plagued a diverse

Volume 9 Issue 4 (2023) 239 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.732