Page 380 - IJB-9-4

International Journal of Bioprinting Evolution of bioprinting

3.2.4. Progression toward four-dimensional (4D) rapid vascularization after patch application to the affected
bioprinting tissue, and enabling repair of infarcted areas .
[77]
During 2015, it was demonstrated that the tissue A technique that allows the creation of scaffolds
construct made of soft hydrogels reinforced with high- morphologically and structurally similar to the extracellular
porosity microfiber networks had stiffness and elasticity matrix by thermally induced autoagglomeration of
comparable to that of articular cartilage tissue, providing nanofibers and electro-spinning PLA and polycaprolactone
a basis for reproducing tissue constructs with biological (PCL) nanofibers was developed . Furthermore, the
[78]
and mechanical compatibility . Besides, the composition importance of pore geometry and the effect it has on cell
[62]
of a bioink containing graphene was manipulated to behavior and function have been demonstrated, with 30°
alter a range of parameters such as adhesion, viability, and 60° scaffolds restoring ovarian tissue in sterilized mice,
proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal cells to which were able to produce offspring by natural mating .
[79]
neurological tissue due to its high conductivity . The possibility of printing functional living components
[63]
The use of alginate bioink with nanocellulose, which with bacteria signifies the possibility of obtaining materials
has excellent shear-thinning properties, as a matrix for the that can perform different functions, as in the case of
printing of cartilage tissue, was seen as a possibility , and the 3D printing of bioinks with Acetobacter xylinum and
[64]
another bioink composed of polyethylene glycol, sodium Pseudomonas putida, capable of producing cellulose for
alginate, and nanoclay with high cell strength and viability medical use and degrading pollutants, respectively, at the
[80]
was also developed for the printing of cartilage tissue . A same time . Separately, the development of a functional
[65]
major breakthrough was the bioprinting of encapsulated mouse thyroid gland capable of normalizing thyroxine
primary neural cells into brain-like structures using levels in the blood and regulating body temperature after
[81]
gellan gum as bioink , and hydrogels with adjustable engraftment is another noteworthy achievement .
[66]
mechanical properties through light irradiation were In 2018, the refinement of bioprinting materials for
becoming increasingly important . bone regeneration , as well as the study of possible
[67]
[82]
During 2016, an integrated organ and tissue printer combinations of hydrogels and their printing parameters
was developed, capable of manufacturing stable human- to obtain the best possible results continued [83,84] . The
scale tissue constructs of any shape by printing cell-loaded study of the tumor microenvironment and its role in cell
hydrogels together with biodegradable polymers , communication in cancer development continued, in order
[68]
and in general, the printing of complex tissues with to recreate this type of tissue as faithfully as possible using
good vascularization was increasingly perfected [69,70] . bioprinting technologies, and thus achieve more specific
[85]
The combination of different hydrogels to optimize the and realistic assays to combat the disease .
properties of the printed structure as much as possible was Bioprinting of a full-thickness human skin model was
also gaining importance . achieved using skin-derived extracellular matrix composite
[71]
[86]
A 3D biomimetic liver model that mimics the bioinks . New studies on the use of graphene in 3D printing
characteristic morphological organization of liver cells of neural tissue showed that it promoted axonal growth
for use in disease replication and early drug detection and remyelination after peripheral nerve injury, with great
[87]
was successfully developed . A bioprinting method to potential for preclinical and clinical applications . In
[72]
create 3D human renal proximal tubules in vitro that are addition, research on producing transplant-ready corneal
completely embedded within extracellular matrix and prostheses has begun; although a suitable final structure
housed in perfusable tissue chips was also developed; has not yet been achieved, obtaining bioprinted keratocytes
the viability of these bioprinted tubules was successfully with high cell viability was the successful first step toward
[88]
maintained for more than 2 months [73,74] . this goal . The bioprinting of oligodendrocytes together
with precisely and concretely printed spinal neuronal
The use of sound waves as “acoustic tweezers” has been progenitor cells also opened the door to the reconstruction
explored for precise and non-invasive manipulation of of functional axonal connections in areas of tissue damage
single and whole cells to create two-dimensional (2D) and in the central nervous system .
[89]
3D structures . In vivo monitoring of bioprinted tissues In 2019, pH-driven gelation control was found to provide
[75]
using sensors, such as non-invasive electronic readout of 20-µm filament resolution, a porous microstructure that
contractile stresses and drug responses of cardiac tissues, enables rapid cell infiltration and microvascularization,
was first started in 2017 .
[76]
and mechanical strength for vasculature fabrication and
[90]
The impression quality of cardiac tissue was improved perfusion in cardiac tissue regeneration . The printing of
by pre-vascularizing it prior to implantation, achieving cellularized human hearts with a natural architecture was

Volume 9 Issue 4 (2023) 372 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.742