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International Journal of Bioprinting AI for sustainable bioprinting

Figure 6. AI-assisted intelligent printing strategies enhance precision, adaptability, and sustainability. (A) Acoustophoretic 3D printing enables
omnidirectional, multi-material fabrication. (i) A phased array transducer levitates droplets for precise deposition on complex substrates. (ii) Acoustic
field visualization showing the levitation point. (iii) Mid-air voxelation and multi-material manipulation. (iv) Omnidirectional printing at varied angles
(0°–180°) on flat (scale bar: 1 cm), vertical (scale bar: 3 cm), inverted (scale bar: 5 mm), and spherical (scale bar: 2 cm) surfaces, demonstrating adaptive
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and contactless printing. Reprinted from Chen et al. (B) A closed-loop minimally invasive 3D bioprinting system. A seven-axis robotic arm guided
by real-time feedback from a RGB-D camera adaptively compensates for dynamic breathing-induced motion. AI-driven path planning minimizes error
and material overuse, enhancing printing accuracy, efficiency, and safety in dynamic environments. This supports sustainability by reducing procedural
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waste and optimizing resource use. Reprinted with permission from Zhao et al. Copyright © 2023, Elsevier. Abbreviations: 3D, three-dimensional; AI:
artificial intelligence; BCRA, binary chromatic ring array; MIS, minimally invasive surgery; RGB-D: red green blue-depth; ROS, robot operating system;
RT, real-time.
Zhao et al. introduced a closed-loop, AI-assisted marker enabled automatic trocar tracking, ensuring high
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bioprinting system that enhances precision, adaptability, accuracy while reducing the need for manual intervention.
and sustainability in minimally invasive surgery Additionally, the use of an optimized methacrylate
(Figure 6B). By integrating robotic-assisted printing, real- gelatin/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates/polyacrylic
time computer vision, and adaptive feedback control, the acid-N-hydroxysuccinimide hydrogel facilitated efficient
system dynamically aligned the bioprinting end-effector crosslinking and strong tissue adhesion, promoting
with moving biological structures, reducing errors and targeted biofabrication with minimal excess material
minimizing material waste. A binary chromatic ring array usage. The system’s millimeter-scale precision, adaptive

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 144 doi: 10.36922/IJB025170164