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International

Journal of Bioprinting

REVIEW ARTICLE
Advances in biomanufacturing and medical

applications of three-dimensional-printed
organoids: A review

* ,
Lingzi Liao 1, 2, 3† id , Qiushi Feng 1, 2, 3† id , Xiaofeng Shan 1, 2, 3 id , Zhigang Cai 1, 2, 3 id
and Shang Xie 1, 2, 3 id
*
1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of
Stomatology, Beijing, China
2 National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, China
3 National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China

Abstract

† These authors contributed equally The emergence of organoid technology has bridged critical gaps between
to this work. conventional two-dimensional cell cultures and in vivo systems by offering self-
*Corresponding authors: organized three-dimensional (3D) microtissues that recapitulate organ-specific
Zhigang Cai architecture, cellular heterogeneity, and functional dynamics. However, traditional
(c2013xs@163.com)
Shang Xie organoid models face inherent limitations in structural precision, scalability, and
(xs2013@hsc.pku.edu.cn) physiological relevance, particularly in replicating vascular networks, mechanical
microenvironments, and multicellular interactions. Recent advancements in
Citation: Liao L, Feng Q, Shan X,
Cai Z, Xie S. Advances in 3D bioprinting have enabled unprecedented spatial control over cellular and
biomanufacturing and medical extracellular matrix organization, unlocking new frontiers in engineering organoids
applications of three-dimensional- with enhanced biomimicry and functionality. This review systematically examines the
printed organoids: A review.
Int J Bioprint. 2025;11(4):66-98. integration of bioprinting technologies with organoid science, spanning biomaterial
doi: 10.36922/IJB025190184 innovations, vascularization strategies, and dynamic microenvironmental cues
that drive functional maturation. By synthesizing interdisciplinary advances in
Received: May 7, 2025
Revised: May 20, 2025 stem cell biology, materials science, and computational modeling, the work
Accepted: May 28, 2025 highlights applications across regenerative medicine, disease pathophysiology,
Published Online: June 10, 2025 and personalized drug screening. Key challenges, including immunogenicity, long-
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). term stability, and clinical scalability, are critically evaluated alongside emerging
This is an Open Access article solutions such as four-dimensional bioprinting, organ-on-chip integration, and
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution artificial intelligence-driven bioink optimization. Through a comprehensive analysis
License, permitting distribution of bioprinted organoids for physiology and 3D disease modeling, this review aims to
and reproduction in any medium, establish a translational roadmap for leveraging spatially programmed organoids to
provided the original work is
properly cited. address unmet clinical needs, revolutionize therapeutic development, and advance
precision medicine.
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Keywords: High-throughput screening; Patient-derived organoids; Regenerative
affiliations. medicine; Spatiotemporal control; Three-dimensional-bioprinting; Vascularization

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 66 doi: 10.36922/IJB025190184