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Kazemi et al. / IJOCTA, Vol.15, No.4, pp.578-593 (2025)
            Methodology: Seyyed Mehdi Kazemi Torbaghan,       16. Sapiro G. Geometric Partial Differential Equa-
            Yaser Jouybari Moghaddam                              tions and Image Analysis. Cambridge University
            Formal    analysis:   Seyyed   Mehdi    Kazemi        Press; 2006.
            Torbaghan, Amin Jajarmi                           17. Heijmans HJ. Mathematical morphology: a mod-
            Writing – original draft: Seyyed Mehdi Kazemi         ern approach in image processing based on alge-
                                                                  bra and geometry. SIAM Rev., 1995;37(1):1-36.
            Torbaghan
                                                              18. Chaudhari DJ, Malathi K. Detection and predic-
            Writing – review & editing: Amin Jajarmi
                                                                  tion of rice leaf disease using a hybrid CNN-SVM
                                                                  model. Opt Mem Neural Netw., 2023;32(1):39-57.
            Availability of data                              19. Kuijper A. Geometrical PDEs based on second-
                                                                  order derivatives of gauge coordinates in image
            Not applicable.                                       processing. Image Vis Comput. 2009;27(8):1023-
                                                                  1034.
                                                              20. Varanasi S, Malathi K. Self-improved COOT
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                2024;5(2):70-86.                                  sion detection on cybercrime by comparing deci-
              4. Lamm T, Malchiodi A, Micallef M. A gap the-      sion tree with support vector machine. In: 2022
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             12. Canty MJ. Image Analysis, Classification and  Seyyed Mehdi Kazemi Torbaghan Seyyed Mehdi
                Change Detection in Remote Sensing: With Al-  Kazemi Torbaghan received his B.Sc. in Mathemat-
                gorithms for Python. CRC Press; 2019.         ics from the University of Birjand, Iran, in 2009, and
             13. Oprea J. Differential Geometry and its Applica-  his M.Sc. and Ph. D. degrees in differential geome-
                tions. American Mathematical Society; 2024.   try from Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran
             14. Tian C, Chen Y. Image segmentation and denois-  Polytechnic) in 2012 and 2017, respectively.  Cur-
                ing algorithm based on partial differential equa-  rently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department
                tions. IEEE Sens J. 2019;20(20):11935-11942.  of Mathematics, University of Bojnord, Iran. His re-
             15. Kimmel R. Numerical Geometry of Images: The-  search interests include differential geometry, image
                ory, Algorithms, and Applications. Springer Sci-  processing, game theory, and mathematical modeling.
                ence & Business Media; 2012.                     https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-1705
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