Page 99 - IJPS-10-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Household food insecurity in urban areas

2. Data and methods ratio of household members aged under 15 and above
65 to those aged 15 – 64), level of education, income and
2.1. Study design and area food expenditure, employment status, urban agriculture,
The study was conducted in Lideta subcity, located in the access to savings and credit, and participation in the urban
central-western area of Addis Ababa, bordered by Addis productive safety net program.
Ketema, Arada, Kirkos, Nifas Silk-Lafto, and Kolfe Keranio.
The subcity is divided into ten Woredas. For the purpose 2.4. Statistical analysis
of this study, three Woreds were randomly selected, and The data were collected using KoboCollect version 3.5 and
data were collected from respondents at their residencies subsequently meticulously entered into SPSS 24 software.
within the subcity. Lideta subcity covers an area of A data cleansing method was employed to assess correctness
9.18 km and has a total population of 284,208, comprising and identify inconsistencies, ensuring data completeness
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134,372 males and 149,836 females. This study focuses and minimizing errors. The Chi-square test (χ ) was
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on a densely populated and economically disadvantaged employed to identify variables that exhibited a statistically
district in Addis Ababa, which has a population density of significant association with household food insecurity.
30,960 people per km (CSA, 2022b). In this study, the variables with a p < 0.25 underwent a
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thorough examination for multicollinearity issues utilizing
2.2. Sampling design and procedure the variance inflation factor. Following the preliminary
A cross-sectional study design was employed, and data assessment, the identified variables were incorporated
between February and March 2023 in Lideta subcity into the logistic regression model to determine their effect
were collected. The sampling strategy for this study was on the outcome variable (household food insecurity).
determined by the pre-established enumeration areas Adjusted odds ratios, along with their respective 95%
within the subcity, delineated by the Central Statistical confidence intervals (CIs), were computed. A significance
Service of Ethiopia. Samples were drawn from the level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant in
population using a multistage random sampling technique. this study. To identify the most influential independent
In the multistage random sampling, three Woredas were predictors of household food insecurity, logistic regression
randomly selected in the first stage. Subsequently, within was conducted using a stepwise selection (LR) method.
each Woreda, different Ketenas were identified, and from 2.4.1. Measurement of household food insecurity
each of these three Woredas, two Ketenas were selected
using random sampling methods. In the final step, a total of The caloric value of foods that meet the recommended
six Ketenas were included in the selection process to yield threshold of 2,200 kcal, as established by the Food and
692 respondents (household heads). To further clarify, Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2004) for sustaining a
Woredas 01, 03, and 10 were selected through a lottery healthy and moderately active adult, is determined by their
system. These three Woredas collectively encompass corresponding national average prices, establishing what
12,078 households, and the selected Ketenas account for is known as the food poverty line. In the 2016 Interim
a total of 3,930 households. Sample households were then Poverty Analysis Report, the estimated cost was 3,772
chosen using systematic random samplings, with selection Birr per year per adult person in Ethiopia. However, this
proportional to their population within the randomly cost may not be feasible and needs to be adjusted based
selected Ketenas. on the current food prices. Notably, the overall inflation
rate has soared to 122.2% from June 2016 to January 2023.
2.3. Study variables Calculating the annual food inflation, the estimated cost
The outcome variable for this study is household food has risen to 11,524.52 Birr per year per adult (CSA, 2022a;
insecurity, which pertains to the availability of the financial NBE, 2022). Accordingly, the cost of one kcal is projected
resources required to consistently access food for the to be 0.0143 Birr.
purpose of satisfying dietary, nutritional, and societal In this paper, the national food poverty line was used
requirements. In this context, households capable of to assess food insecurity status. The food poverty line
affording the purchase of consumption items that generate determines whether a given household can have enough
2,200 kcal (daily caloric requirement) are classified as daily income to meet its members’ minimum daily calorie
food secure, while those unable to do so are considered needs. Therefore, households that cannot afford the money
food insecure. Predictor variables and covariates include or are unable to source consumer goods for these daily
a range of demographic and socioeconomic variables, calorie needs are considered to be food insecure. However,
such as the age and sex of household head, marital status, individual access to food depends on household food
family size, household dependency ratio (the percentage distribution and gender parity, which in practice means

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 93 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1060