Page 27 - IJPS-11-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Living alone and loneliness in older adults

Table 1. Distribution of the sample of the study, CLHLS 2018
Type Variables Classification Living Living Not living Neither χ 2
alone and alone but alone but living alone
lonely not lonely lonely nor lonely
Predisposing Age 1=65 – 79 309 356 762 3,527 403.927***
factors 2=80 – 89 401 451 710 2,067

3=90 – 99 282 310 730 1,902
4=100 + 142 140 711 1,669
Residence 1=Urban 588 671 1,623 5,182 12.169**
0=Rural 546 586 1,290 3,983
Sex 1=Men 414 456 1,098 4,307 134.724***
0=Women 720 801 1,815 4,858
Marriage 1=Currently married 65 144 921 4,871 1.7e+03***
0=Currently not married 1,069 1,113 1,992 4,294
Years of 0=0 679 689 1,768 4,262 255.936***
educational 1=1 – 6 331 393 773 3,064
attainment
2=7 + 124 175 372 1,839
Occupation before 1=White collar 75 100 209 1,172 108.894***
retirement 0=Non-white collar 1,059 1,157 2,704 7,993
Enabling factors Financial 1=Yes 285 397 832 3,684 208.934***
independence 0=No 849 860 2,081 5,481

Family economic 1=Rich 115 223 373 2,033 192.339***
status 0=Not rich 1,019 1,034 2,540 7,132
Family emotional 1=Yes 991 1,097 2,259 5,917 554.084***
support 0=No 143 160 654 3,248
Individual activity 1=Yes 754 952 1,866 7,082 232.751***
participation 0=No 380 305 1,047 2,083
Group activity 1=Yes 249 318 524 2,478 102.391***
participation 0=No 885 939 2,389 6,687
Community 1=Yes 672 781 1,758 5,826 15.340**
service 0=No 462 476 1,155 3,339
Need factors ADL disabled 1=Yes 187 167 1,109 2,301 383.180***
0=No 947 1,090 1,804 6,864
IADL disabled 1=Yes 819 821 2,306 5,750 285.817***
0=No 315 436 607 3,415
Cognitively 1=Yes 413 390 1,409 3,017 244.260***
impaired 0=No 721 867 1,504 6,148
Self-rated good 1=Yes 344 726 874 4,743 603.412***
health 0=No 790 531 2,039 4,422

Chronic disease 1=Yes 887 974 2,291 7,131 1.132
0=No 247 283 622 2,034
+
Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. 100 means older adults aged 100+. Specifically, 100+ means 100-105.
Abbreviations: ADL: Activities of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living.
were more likely to not live alone but be lonely compared community services and those with ADL disabilities were
with the reference category. For rural older adults, those more likely to not live alone but be lonely compared with
without individual activity participation and without the reference category (Tables 3 and 4).

Volume 11 Issue 2 (2025) 21 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.4184