Page 29 - IJPS-11-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Living alone and loneliness in older adults

Table 3. Multinomial logistic regression analysis of the correlates of the typology based on living alone and loneliness for urban
older adults in China
Living alone and lonely Living alone but not lonely Not living alone but lonely
Age (80 – 89) (vs. 65 – 79) 0.038 0.040 0.029
(0.137) (0.125) (0.092)
Age (90 – 99) (vs. 65 – 79) −0.737*** −0.541*** −0.300**
(0.163) (0.151) (0.110)
Age (100+) (vs. 65 – 79) −1.516*** −1.303*** −0.446***
(0.200) (0.188) (0.124)
Men (vs. women) 0.307** 0.134 0.035
(0.108) (0.100) (0.069)
Currently married (vs. no) −4.063*** −2.939*** −0.773***
(0.224) (0.166) (0.092)
1 – 6 years of education (vs. 0) −0.099 −0.114 −0.162*
(0.121) (0.112) (0.079)
7+ years of education (vs. 0) −0.116 −0.049 −0.025
(0.177) (0.156) (0.107)
White-collar occupation before retirement (vs. no) 0.032 −0.022 −0.324**
(0.180) (0.154) (0.107)
Financially independent (vs. no) −0.003 0.117 −0.013
(0.115) (0.104) (0.072)
Rich family economic status (vs. no) −0.718*** −0.384** −0.363***
(0.142) (0.112) (0.082)
Family emotional support (vs. no) −0.406* −0.143 −0.011
(0.170) (0.158) (0.088)
Individual activity participation (vs. no) −0.453*** −0.225 −0.049
(0.123) (0.122) (0.080)
Group activity participation (vs. no) 0.112 0.089 −0.037
(0.118) (0.105) (0.078)
Community service (vs. no) 0.148 0.091 −0.015
(0.100) (0.092) (0.062)
ADL disabled (vs. no) −0.975*** −1.106*** 0.101
(0.136) (0.137) (0.078)
IADL disabled (vs. no) −0.006 −0.101 0.352***
(0.127) (0.113) (0.086)
Cognitively impaired (vs. no) 0.000 −0.059 0.220**
(0.124) (0.119) (0.079)
Self-rated good health (vs. no) −0.966*** 0.154 −0.936***
(0.103) (0.091) (0.065)
Chronic disease (vs. no) −0.153 −0.030 −0.030
(0.120) (0.109) (0.077)
intercept 0.590* −0.331 −0.405*
(0.255) (0.244) (0.164)
Log-likelihood −7,008.503
N 8,064
Pseudo R 2 0.135
Notes: +p<0.1, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Standard error in brackets.
Abbreviations: ADL: Activities of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living.

4. Discussion using a nationally representative sample in China and
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the correlates of the typology according to
examine the typology of living alone and loneliness Andersen’s behavioral model, which facilitates the

Volume 11 Issue 2 (2025) 23 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.4184