Page 28 - IJPS-11-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Living alone and loneliness in older adults

Table 2. Multinomial logistic regression analysis of the correlates of the typology based on living alone and loneliness for older
adults in China
Living alone and lonely Living alone but not lonely Not living alone but lonely
Age (80 – 89) (vs. 65 – 79) −0.008 0.159 + −0.010
(0.099) (0.092) (0.069)
Age (90 – 99) (vs. 65 – 79) −0.735*** −0.443*** −0.306***
(0.117) (0.110) (0.082)
Age (100+) (vs. 65 – 79) −1.382*** −1.157*** −0.453***
(0.140) (0.136) (0.091)
Men (vs. women) 0.257** 0.040 0.070
(0.079) (0.074) (0.052)
Urban (vs. rural) 0.007 −0.030 0.094*
(0.072) (0.068) (0.047)
Currently married (vs. no) −3.926*** −2.894*** −0.848***
(0.159) (0.123) (0.069)
1 – 6 years of education (vs. 0) −0.157 + −0.068 −0.137*
(0.088) (0.082) (0.059)
7+years of education (vs. 0) −0.145 0.041 −0.057
(0.141) (0.123) (0.086)
White-collar occupation 0.033 −0.123 −0.278**
before retirement (vs. no) (0.157) (0.136) (0.095)
Financially independent (vs. 0.010 0.127 −0.008
no) (0.091) (0.081) (0.058)
Rich family economic status −0.736*** −0.357*** −0.426***
(vs. no) (0.110) (0.086) (0.065)
Family emotional support −0.536*** −0.156 −0.016
(vs. no) (0.123) (0.118) (0.067)
Individual activity −0.452*** −0.130 −0.192**
participation (vs. no) (0.084) (0.084) (0.057)
Group activity participation 0.093 0.019 −0.070
(vs. no) (0.090) (0.080) (0.061)
Community service (vs. no) −0.066 0.025 −0.105*
(0.070) (0.066) (0.046)
ADL disabled (vs. no) −0.950*** −0.976*** 0.143*
(0.099) (0.100) (0.058)
IADL disabled (vs. no) 0.014 −0.121 0.302***
(0.093) (0.084) (0.065)
Cognitively impaired (vs. no) −0.056 −0.047 0.130*
(0.087) (0.083) (0.058)
Self-rated good health (vs. no) −0.938*** 0.149* −0.825***
(0.074) (0.066) (0.048)
Chronic disease (vs. no) −0.003 0.053 0.034
(0.084) (0.078) (0.055)
intercept 0.733*** −0.458* −0.327**
(0.181) (0.177) (0.121)
Log-likelihood −12,909.691
N 14,469
Pseudo R 2 0.129
Notes: +p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Standard error in brackets.
Abbreviations: ADL: Activities of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living.

Volume 11 Issue 2 (2025) 22 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.4184