Page 30 - IJPS-11-2

International Journal of
Population Studies Living alone and loneliness in older adults

Table 4. Multinomial logistic regression analysis of the correlates of the typology based on living alone and loneliness for rural
older adults in China
Living alone and lonely Living alone but not lonely Not living alone but lonely
Age (80 – 89) (vs. 65 – 79) −0.063 0.314* −0.059
(0.146) (0.138) (0.106)
Age (90 – 99) (vs. 65 – 79) −0.746*** −0.316 + −0.327**
(0.168) (0.162) (0.123)
Age (100+) (vs. 65 – 79) −1.271*** −0.975*** −0.469**
(0.198) (0.198) (0.137)
Men (vs. women) 0.212 + −0.072 0.120
(0.117) (0.112) (0.079)
Currently married (vs. no) −3.815*** −2.879*** −0.951***
(0.227) (0.186) (0.106)
1 – 6 years of education (vs. 0) −0.223 + 0.010 −0.107
(0.130) (0.121) (0.088)
7+ years of education (vs. 0) −0.152 0.164 −0.191
(0.244) (0.213) (0.156)
White-collar occupation before retirement (vs. no) 0.064 −0.479 −0.151
(0.344) (0.335) (0.216)
Financially independent (vs. no) 0.060 0.214 −0.008
(0.153) (0.135) (0.100)
Rich family economic status (vs. no) −0.767*** −0.317* −0.530***
(0.175) (0.134) (0.108)
Family emotional support (vs. no) −0.692*** −0.175 −0.017
(0.180) (0.179) (0.106)
Individual activity participation (vs. no) −0.452*** −0.030 −0.330***
(0.116) (0.117) (0.082)
Group activity participation (vs. no) 0.028 −0.098 −0.151
(0.139) (0.126) (0.098)
Community service (vs. no) −0.297** −0.065 −0.229**
(0.100) (0.096) (0.068)
ADL disabled (vs. no) −0.892*** −0.793*** 0.218*
(0.147) (0.147) (0.087)
IADL disabled (vs. no) 0.046 −0.128 0.242*
(0.140) (0.127) (0.100)
Cognitively impaired (vs. no) −0.123 −0.052 0.034
(0.123) (0.118) (0.087)
Self-rated good health (vs. no) −0.900*** 0.155 −0.681***
0.107 (0.097) (0.072)
Chronic disease (vs. no) 0.160 0.155 0.106
(0.118) (0.112) (0.080)
intercept 0.897** −0.649* −0.147
(0.260) (0.261) (0.181)
Log-likelihood −5,868.763
N 6405
Pseudo R 2 0.125
Notes: +p<0.1, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Standard error in brackets.
Abbreviations: ADL: Activities of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living.

understanding of the social circumstances for older Compared with the reference category of neither living
adults in each category. alone nor feeling lonely, older adults who live alone and feel

Volume 11 Issue 2 (2025) 24 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.4184