Page 68 - IJPS-11-5

International Journal of
Population Studies Atypical workers and COVID-19

Table 5. Empirical results: Atypical jobs and the impact of COVID‑19 by sector
Dependent variable: Firms that decreased (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
the number of temporary workers since the
outbreak of COVID‑19
Ln (age) −0.104 −0.0985 −0.0972 −0.0942 −0.0933 −0.0951 −0.101 −0.0948
(0.0670) (0.0667) (0.0667) (0.0668) (0.0668) (0.0668) (0.0666) (0.0668)
Ln (manager experience) −0.0685 −0.0674 −0.0730 −0.0682 −0.0687 −0.0688 −0.0724 −0.0724
(0.0617) (0.0616) (0.0616) (0.0617) (0.0617) (0.0617) (0.0616) (0.0618)
Top Manager Female 0.0651 0.0631 0.0292 0.0481 0.0485 0.0498 0.0517 0.0576
(0.0991) (0.0992) (0.0994) (0.0988) (0.0988) (0.0988) (0.0986) (0.0991)
How Much of An Obstacle: Labor 0.183* 0.184* 0.179 0.185* 0.184* 0.184* 0.172 0.185*
Regulations?
(0.109) (0.109) (0.109) (0.109) (0.109) (0.109) (0.109) (0.109)
How Much of An Obstacle: An Inadequately 0.0443 0.0357 0.0439 0.0459 0.0485 0.0477 0.0270 0.0402
Educated Workforce?
(0.0935) (0.0937) (0.0935) (0.0936) (0.0936) (0.0936) (0.0937) (0.0937)
Has this establishment received any national 0.0698 0.0689 0.0682 0.0663 0.0657 0.0662 0.0762 0.0677
or local government measures issued?
(0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752)
Adjustment policy: Has this establishment 0.347*** 0.347*** 0.347*** 0.347*** 0.345*** 0.347*** 0.346*** 0.346***
converted its production or services in
response to COVID-19?
(0.0760) (0.0760) (0.0760) (0.0760) (0.0760) (0.0760) (0.0759) (0.0760)
Stringency index −0.0169*** −0.0174*** −0.0175*** −0.0175*** −0.0176*** −0.0174*** −0.0166*** −0.0174***
(0.00257) (0.00255) (0.00256) (0.00256) (0.00256) (0.00256) (0.00256) (0.00256)
Sectors
Hotel and restaurants −0.321*
(0.175)
Retail −0.156
(0.0981)
Construction −0.227*
(0.133)
IT −0.0742
(0.305)
Transport −0.253
(0.211)
Electronics 0.178
(0.352)
Machinery and equipment 0.525***
(0.159)
Fabricated metal products 0.181
(0.134)
Constant −1.199*** −1.192*** −1.180*** −1.230*** −1.219*** −1.230*** −1.244*** −1.236***
(0.217) (0.217) (0.218) (0.216) (0.216) (0.216) (0.216) (0.216)

Prob>chi2 (Hausman test) 0.0744 0.0719 0.0810 0.0735 0.0749 0.0779 0.0761 0.0762
Appropriate model RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE
Observations 7,396 7,396 7,396 7,396 7,396 7,396 7,396 7,396
Number of firms 3,452 3,452 3,452 3,452 3,452 3,452 3,452 3,452
Source: Authors’ calculations. Standard errors are in parentheses. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.

Volume 11 Issue 5 (2025) 62 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.3575