Page 69 - IJPS-11-5

International Journal of
Population Studies Atypical workers and COVID-19

Table 6. Empirical results: Atypical jobs and the impact of Table 7. Empirical results: Atypical jobs and the impact of
COVID‑19 by firm region COVID‑19 by firm region
Dependent variable: Firms (1) (2) (3) Dependent variable: Firms (1) (2) (3)
that increased the number of that decreased the number of
temporary workers since the temporary workers since the
outbreak of COVID‑19 outbreak of COVID‑19
Ln (age) 0.0458 0.0647 0.0794 Ln (age) −0.0938 −0.0896 −0.109
(0.112) (0.111) (0.112) (0.0669) (0.0669) (0.0669)
Ln (manager experience) 0.0707 0.153 0.147 Ln (manager experience) −0.0681 −0.0544 −0.0916
(0.108) (0.109) (0.109) (0.0622) (0.0622) (0.0620)
Top Manager Female 0.0599 0.179 0.127 Top Manager Female 0.0483 0.0806 0.0135
(0.164) (0.165) (0.164) (0.0988) (0.100) (0.0994)
How Much of An Obstacle: Labor −0.300 −0.213 −0.237 How Much of An Obstacle: 0.185* 0.206* 0.158
Regulations? Labor Regulations?
(0.207) (0.206) (0.206) (0.109) (0.110) (0.109)
How Much of An Obstacle: An −0.500*** −0.395** −0.409** How Much of An Obstacle: 0.0461 0.0709 0.00765
Inadequately Educated Workforce? An Inadequately Educated
(0.176) (0.176) (0.177) Workforce?
Has this establishment received −0.298** −0.323** −0.321** (0.0937) (0.0945) (0.0943)
any national or local government Has this establishment 0.0658 0.0593 0.0762
measures issued? received any national or local
(0.133) (0.132) (0.132) government measures issued?
Adjustment policy: Has this 0.502*** 0.480*** 0.469*** (0.0752) (0.0753) (0.0753)
establishment converted its Adjustment policy: Has this 0.347*** 0.345*** 0.356***
production or services in response establishment converted its
to COVID-19? production or services in
(0.132) (0.131) (0.131) response to COVID-19?
Stringency index 0.00404 −0.00803* −0.00567 (0.0761) (0.0761) (0.0761)
(0.00427) (0.00437) (0.00442) Stringency index −0.0175*** −0.0204*** −0.0137***
Africa −0.426* (0.00292) (0.00291) (0.00285)
(0.241) Africa 0.00478
MENA 0.732*** (0.145)
(0.166) MENA 0.258**
EUROPE −0.501*** (0.117)
(0.158) EUROPE 0.308***
Constant −3.744*** −3.920*** −3.476*** (0.110)
(0.406) (0.409) (0.413) Constant −1.232*** −1.274*** −1.436***
Prob >chi (Hausman test) 0.0797 0.1134 0.1021 (0.217) (0.218) (0.229)
2
Appropriate model Random RE RE Prob >chi2 (Hausman test) 0.0797 0.1134 0.1021
effect Appropriate model Random RE RE
(RE) effect (RE)
Observations 7,396 7,396 7,396 Observations 7,396 7,396 7,396
Number of firms 3,452 3,452 3,452 Number of firms 3,452 3,452 3,452
Source: Authors’ calculations. Standard errors are in parentheses. Source: Authors’ calculations. Standard errors are in parentheses.
*p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
ensuring employee job security. Furthermore, there was and training programs that cater to the needs of the labor
a statistically significant effect for the variable inadequacy market. Furthermore, the variable “Has this establishment
between educational training and firms’ labor force needs, received government assistance to mitigate the impact
highlighting the importance of investing in education of COVID-19?” significantly determined whether a firm

Volume 11 Issue 5 (2025) 63 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.3575