Page 65 - IJPS-11-5

International Journal of
Population Studies Atypical workers and COVID-19

Table 2. Empirical results: Atypical jobs and the impact of Table 3. Empirical results: Atypical jobs and the impact of
COVID‑19 by firm size COVID‑19 by firm size
Dependent variable: Firms (1) (2) (3) Dependent variable: Firms (1) (2) (3)
that increased the number of that decreased the number of
temporary workers since the temporary workers since the
outbreak of COVID‑19 outbreak of COVID‑19
Ln (age) 0.0968 0.0595 0.0895 Ln (age) −0.0828 −0.0914 −0.0988
(0.115) (0.112) (0.114) (0.0680) (0.0668) (0.0679)
Ln (manager experience) 0.0871 0.0976 0.0888 Ln (manager experience) −0.0709 −0.0677 −0.0670
(0.108) (0.108) (0.107) (0.0618) (0.0617) (0.0618)
Top Manager Female 0.0300 0.0552 0.0396 Top Manager Female 0.0412 0.0464 0.0507
(0.165) (0.164) (0.164) (0.0991) (0.0988) (0.0990)
How Much of An Obstacle: Labor −0.276 −0.290 −0.285 How Much of An Obstacle: Labor 0.188* 0.187* 0.185*
Regulations? Regulations?
(0.207) (0.207) (0.206) (0.109) (0.109) (0.109)
How Much of An Obstacle: An −0.475*** −0.486*** −0.478*** How Much of An Obstacle: 0.0501 0.0476 0.0441
Inadequately Educated Workforce? An Inadequately Educated
(0.176) (0.176) (0.176) Workforce?
Has this establishment received −0.308** −0.299** −0.304** (0.0937) (0.0936) (0.0937)
any national or local government Has this establishment received 0.0633 0.0644 0.0665
measures issued? any national or local government
(0.133) (0.133) (0.133) measures issued?
Adjustment policy: Has this 0.495*** 0.494*** 0.494*** (0.0752) (0.0752) (0.0752)
establishment converted its Adjustment policy: Has this 0.347*** 0.347*** 0.347***
production or services in response establishment converted its
to COVID-19? production or services in
(0.132) (0.132) (0.132) response to COVID-19?
Stringency index 0.000242 0.000480 0.000503 (0.0760) (0.0760) (0.0760)
(0.00389) (0.00389) (0.00388) Stringency index −0.0175*** −0.0175*** −0.0174***
Small 0.269** (0.00256) (0.00256) (0.00256)
(0.128) Small 0.0695
Medium −0.145 (0.0786)
(0.140) Medium −0.0888
Large −0.273* (0.0840)
(0.156) Large 0.0357
Constant −4.005*** −3.773*** −3.808*** (0.0899)
(0.420) (0.407) (0.406) Constant −1.284*** −1.212*** −1.230***
Prob >chi (Hausman test) 0.0909 0.0785 0.0845 (0.225) (0.217) (0.216)
2
2
Appropriate model Random RE RE Prob>chi (Hausman test)
effect Appropriate model RE RE RE
(RE) Observations 7,396 7,396 7,396
Observations 7,396 7,396 7,396 Number of firms 3,452 3,452 3,452
Number of firms 3,452 3,452 3,452 Source: Authors’ calculations. Standard errors are in parentheses.
Source: Authors’ calculations. Standard errors are in parentheses. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
*p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
3.2. The impact of COVID-19 on atypical jobs by firm
at the firm level. Furthermore, as the firm’s age and the sector
experience of its top manager increases, the probability of
reduction of atypical employment decreases, but this result We estimate a dynamic logit model in which the dependent
is insignificant. variables are the two binary variables that inform on the

Volume 11 Issue 5 (2025) 59 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.3575