Page 123 - IJPS-2-2

Atreyee Sinha and Aparajita Chattopadhyay

Table 4. Odds ratios for receiving all recommended types of ANC services and availing institutional delivery among young married women (15-30
years) who gave birth during last five years preceding the survey in selected North and South Indian states.
All recommended types of ANC Institutional delivery
Exp(B) Exp(B)
North South North South
Ever experience of violence:
Any form of physical/sexual violence
No (1.00)
Yes 0.789 + 0.680*** 0.992* 1.119
Any form of emotional violence
No (1.00)
Yes 0.978 0.776 + 1.265 0.701*
Women's empowerment:
Education
No education (1.00)
Primary 1.611* 1.443* 1.327** 1.412*
Secondary and higher 2.562*** 1.958*** 1.791*** 3.026***
Work status
Not working (1.00)
Working 1.228 1.214* 1.002 0.869
Allowed to go to the health facility alone
No (1.00)
Yes 1.382** 0.922 1.165 + 1.169
Has say in decision making in own health care
No (1.00)
Yes 0.838 1.298** 1.204* 1.015
Media exposure
No exposure (1.00)
Any exposure 1.108 2.302*** 1.219 + 1.430*
Birth related factors:
Birth order
1 (1.00)
2 0.478*** 0.794* 0.515*** 0.608***
3+ 0.278*** 0.596*** 0.339*** 0.474***
Pregnancy intention
Wanted (1.00)
Not wanted 0.668* 0.985 0.854 + 1.178
Note: Control variables (not presented in the table) include different socio-economic characteristics (age of the mother, place of residence, religion, caste, and
wealth index), supportive social environment (father’s presence during ANC and advice for safe delivery) and availability & accessibility of services (money, distance
and female health provider).
Selected North Indian States: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh; Selected South Indian States: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
+
(1.00) Reference category; *** p<0.001, ** p <0.01, * p <0.05, p <0.10

4. Discussion and Conclusions
The study brought out a few important factors that influenced the utilization of maternal health care
services. One of the most important factors was the mother’s education level. The present study
found a very strong influence of secondary and even primary level education on the antenatal care

International Journal of Population Studies | 2016, Volume 2, Issue 2 117