Page 13 - IJPS-3-2

Heuveline P and Hong S

Table 1. Child, parents and household characteristics, descriptive statistics
All children Ages 6 to 17 Ages 6 to 14 a
Variables M SD M SD M SD Range
Female child .49 .50 .49 .50 .50 .50 0 - 1
Under age 6 .32 .47 -- -- -- -- 0 - 1
Ages 6 to 8 .16 .37 .24 .43 .26 .44 0 - 1
Ages 9 to 11 .16 .37 .24 .42 .34 .47 0 - 1
Ages 12 to 14 .18 .38 .26 .44 .40 .49 0 - 1
Ages 15 to 17 .18 .38 .26 .44 -- -- 0 - 1
Child attending school -- -- .87 .33 1.00 .00 0 - 1
Actual minus expected grade -- -- -- -- -0.98 1.75 -8 - 12
Child literacy -- -- .73 .44 -- -- 0 - 1
Nuclear household .61 .49 .63 .48 .63 .48 0 - 1
Multigenerational household .23 .42 .22 .41 .22 .41 0 - 1
Two co-resident parents .84 .37 .81 .39 .82 .38 0 - 1
Only one co-resident parent .11 .31 .13 .33 .12 .32 0 - 1
Co-resident mother: Literate .64 .48 .63 .48 .65 .48 0 - 1
Employed in farming, hunting or fishing .38 .49 .40 .49 .40 .49 0 - 1
Employed in crafts .11 .32 .12 .32 .13 .33 0 - 1
Employed in industry .04 .19 .03 .17 .03 .17 0 - 1
Employed in service sector .18 .38 .18 .38 .18 .39 0 - 1
Employed in civil service .02 .13 .02 .13 .02 .14 0 - 1
Co-resident mother employed in farming, hunting or fishing, or in
crafts and who is: Owner .36 .48 .38 .49 .39 .49 0 - 1
User for free .02 .13 .02 .12 .02 .12 0 - 1
User for fee/rent .06 .23 .06 .23 .06 .24 0 - 1
Paid laborer .06 .24 .06 .24 .06 .24 0 - 1
Co-resident father: Literate .69 .46 .66 .47 .69 .46 0 - 1
Employed in farming, hunting or fishing .45 .50 .45 .50 .45 .50 0 - 1
Employed in crafts .03 .18 .03 .16 .03 .18 0 - 1
Employed in industry .05 .21 .04 .19 .04 .19 0 - 1
Employed in services .21 .10 .18 .39 .19 .39 0 - 1
Employed in civil service .09 .29 .09 .29 .10 .30 0 - 1
Co-resident father employed in farming, hunting, fishing, or in
crafts and who is: Owner .38 .48 .38 .49 .39 .49 0 - 1
User for free .02 .13 .01 .11 .01 .11 0 - 1
User for fee/rent .07 .25 .07 .25 .07 .25 0 - 1
Paid laborer .03 .16 .02 .14 .02 .14 0 - 1
N 22,032 15,010 9,491

Source: Authors’ calculations
Note: School-Attending children only
a
With regard to household composition, MIPRAoC captures the relationship of individuals to household heads as well
as some information on their biological parents. This enables us to construct two sets of household variables. First, an
indicator of the number of co-resident biological parents is created. Over 80% of children in the study lived with both
biological parents. As children age, the cumulative risk of parental mortality or separation increases, and so does the
prevalence of children residing with only one biological parent. However, the prevalence of co-residence with only one
parent remains relatively low at 13% for children aged 6 to 17 years (Table 1).
The second level-2 variable is categorical and describes household structure. The first category is nuclear: households
consisting only of (single or two) parents and (biological, step, or adopted/foster) children. The second category is
multigenerational and includes households with at least one grandparent in addition to parents and children. The residual
category includes all households with other members, such as extended family members or non-relatives, and four-
generational households. This residual category only accounts for 15% of all the households in the sample, whereas the
nuclear households are the most common, as they are at the national level, followed by three-generational households
(Heuveline and Hong, 2016).
Level-2 covariates also included parental characteristics. With respect to the determinants of child literacy, we first
use a dichotomous variable for each parent’s own literacy. In the MIPRAoC data, 65% of co-residing fathers and 63%
of co-residing mothers of school aged children are literate (see Table 1). Several additional socio-economic variables
were considered to capture some of the differences among the households children live in. The first one is the type of

International Journal of Population Studies | 2017, Volume 3, Issue 2 7