Page 19 - IMO-2-1

Innovative Medicines & Omics Incretin mimetics in diabetes management

5. Conclusion increase the risk of new-onset non-proliferative diabetic
retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. 95-100
Diabetes management focuses on alleviating
hyperglycemia symptoms and reducing the risk of long- The use of incretin mimetics in managing T2DM,
term microvascular and macrovascular complications, obesity, and related metabolic disorders offers a promising
such as diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, potential, particularly when used in combination with
and cardiovascular effects. There is a growing demand nutraceuticals, lifestyle modifications, and dietary
for medications that not only regulate hyperglycemia but interventions that enhance physiological responses. 101
also address additional metabolic risk factors to improve
cardiovascular outcomes. The primary causes of T2DM Acknowledgments
include insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, None.
and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion.
The rising prevalence of T2DM can be attributed Funding
to obesity, aging, genetic susceptibility, and diverse None.
demographic factors. This chronic condition contributes
to both microangiopathy and macroangiopathy, thereby Conflict of interest
heightening the risk of cardiovascular disease, which
leads to increased economic burden and reduced life The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
expectancy.
Author contributions
Obese patients with T2DM require stricter glycemic
control and weight management strategies, as obesity is Conceptualization: Faryal Haider, Syed A. A. Rizvi
a significant risk factor for both the pathophysiology of Writing – original draft: All authors
T2DM and associated macroangiopathy. Pharmacological Writing – review & editing: All authors
interventions, in combination with lifestyle modifications, Ethics approval and consent to participate
such as diet and exercise, can effectively manage both
obesity and T2DM. GLP-1 RAs have emerged as valuable Not applicable.
therapeutic options for T2DM patients, as they target
multiple pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Consent for publication
These agents reduce glucagon secretion, slow gastric Not applicable.
emptying, and enhance glucose-dependent insulin
secretion, while also suppressing appetite and promoting Availability of data
weight loss. The central and peripheral effects of GLP-1 Not applicable.
RAs contribute to reduced food intake, enhanced insulin
sensitivity, and improved pancreatic β-cell function. References
While GLP-1 RAs offer substantial therapeutic benefits, 1. Ahmad E, Lim S, Lamptey R, Webb DR, Davies MJ. Type 2
including improved glycemic control, reduced HbA1c, diabetes. Lancet. 2022;400(10365):1803-1820.
and decreased fasting and postprandial glucose levels; doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01655-5
they are associated with certain side effects. Common
adverse reactions include gastrointestinal symptoms 2. Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Segura-Galindo A,
such as vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea, which may lead Del Cañizo-Gómez FJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
to acute kidney injury due to volume depletion. Other disease: Have all risk factors the same strength? World J
possible side effects include headaches, infections, mild Diabetes. 2014;5(4):444-470.
tachycardia, dyspepsia, and dizziness. Erythema and doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.444
pruritus at the injection site are frequent, particularly with 3. Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, et al.
longer-acting agents in this drug class. Immunogenicity, Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci.
including antibody development against specific GLP-1 2020;21(17):6275.
RAs like exenatide, may reduce the drug’s efficacy and, in doi: 10.3390/ijms21176275
rare cases, lead to anaphylaxis or injection site reactions.
Contraindications for GLP-1 RAs include pregnancy, 4. Bodke H, Wagh V, Kakar G. Diabetes mellitus and prevalence
hypersensitivity, and certain gastrointestinal conditions of other comorbid conditions: A systematic review. Cureus.
such as gastroparesis and inflammatory bowel disease. 2023;15(11):e49374.
Recent reports also suggest that GLP-1 monotherapy may doi: 10.7759/cureus.49374

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 13 doi: 10.36922/imo.4911