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Innovative Medicines & Omics Impact of lemon essential oil on anthropometrics

although this difference is highly dependent on the or BMI across sessions, indicating that the effects of the
assumption of equal variances. This underscores the intervention were localized and did not substantially alter
importance of considering the assumption of equal overall body composition metrics.
variances when interpreting the results. In session 3, the The CG exhibited minimal changes throughout all
mean reduction in the TG was 7.1 mm (±1.2) compared sessions, reinforcing the hypothesis that the observed
to the CG, which showed a negligible change of 0.8 mm trends in TG were explicitly associated with the intervention
(±0.5). The difference between groups was statistically involving lemon essential oil.
significant (P = 0.004). In session 5, the TG demonstrated
a reduction of 6.9 mm (±1.0), whereas the CG showed 3.4. Wilcoxon test results
a change of 1.1 mm (±0.6). The observed difference was The results of Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for paired skinfold
significant (P = 0.001). TG showed a decrease of 3.5 cm measurements and various anthropometric variables are
(±0.9), while the CG displayed a minimal change of 0.5 cm presented in Table 3. Z-scores and corresponding P-values
(±0.3) (P = 0.041). In session 6, the TG experienced a mean are reported for each measurement, helping to determine
reduction of 7.2 mm (±1.1), contrasting with the CG’s significant differences between paired samples. Notably,
reduction of 1.0 mm (±0.4) (P = 0.001). TG showed a mean there are considerable differences in tricep skinfold
decrease of 2.3 mm (±0.8) compared to the CG’s 0.6 mm measurements and abdominal perimeter, as indicated by P
(±0.3) (P = 0.046).
< 0.05. No statistically significant differences were observed
3.3. Trends in anthropometric changes across sessions between the paired samples for the other measurements.
The analysis of anthropometric measurements across 4. Discussion
sessions revealed distinct trends, shedding light on the
dynamics of the intervention’s effects over time. Regarding This study aimed to rigorously evaluate the effects of lemon
progressive trends, in the TG, reductions in abdominal essential oil, denoted as the TG, on various anthropometric
skinfold thickness were generally progressive, with minor measurements, mainly focusing on skinfold thickness and
improvements observed in earlier sessions (e.g., session related variables. The results of this investigation bring
1: 1.5 mm, session 2: 2.8 mm) and more substantial forth several vital insights and invite a considered reflection
changes in later sessions (e.g., session 5: 6.9 mm, session on the efficacy and implications of lemon essential oil as an
6: 7.2 mm). This trend suggests a cumulative effect of the intervention.
intervention, where repeated sessions enhanced the impact 4.1. Initial group comparisons
of lemon essential oil and massage.
The initial step entailed characterizing the sample and
Regarding session-specific variability, sessions 3, 5, and ascertaining potential differences between the TG and
6 showed statistically significant improvements in the TG the CG. This initial step is critical to ensure that the two
compared to the CG, suggesting possible inflection points groups are comparable, minimizing bias. As presented in
where the intervention’s effects were amplified. Factors Table 1, the age, height, weight, and BMI of participants
contributing to this variability may include physiological in TG and CG demonstrate no statistically significant
adaptation, enhanced circulation, and fat mobilization
with repeated treatments.
Table 3. Wilcoxon test results (Z value) and comparison
Stable or minimal changes in weight and BMI were values between initial and final moments after six
observed, as no significant changes were noted in weight intervention sessions
Variable U P
Table 2. Statistical analysis of the abdominal skinfold
measurements using independent student t‑test Skinfold measurements (mm)
Abdominal −1.572 0.166
Variable Session Z P Triceps −1.992 0.046*
Abdominal skinfold measurements 1 1.928 0.259 Supra iliac −0.314 0.753
2 0.073 0.805 Thigh −0.734 0.173
3 7.109 0.004* Abdominal perimeter −2.04 0.041*
4 0.547 0.513 Weight −0.631 0.528
5 250.605 0.001* BMI −0.314 0.753
6 229.955 0.001* Note: *indicates significance level at P<0.05.
Note: * indicates significance level at P<0.05. Abbreviation: BMI: Body mass index.

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 76 doi: 10.36922/imo.5893