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41 INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences, 2022, Vol. 5, No. 2 Das et al.
A

B C

Figure 4. Protein-protein interaction of (A) angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor with the S
protein, (B) S protein-mHTCC complex with ACE2 receptor, and (C) S protein-N-carboxymethyl chitosan
complex with ACE2 receptor.

4. Discussion unit of mHTCC with the spike protein, RBD of
the S protein and the ACE2 receptor. The protein-
Chitosan derivatives have been reported to influence protein interaction study revealed the binding
inhibitors of various human pathogenic viruses, efficiency of mHTCC and the S protein complex
including influenza virus, HIV, Newcastle virus, with ACE2 receptor, indicating that mHTCC
human norovirus, murine virus, feline calicivirus, inhibits the binding affinity of the S protein with
hepatitis C virus, Friend murine leukemia helper ACE 2 receptor. These findings are consistent with
virus (F-MuLV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), pox prior research.
virus, and human coronavirus [20,30]. In the present In a recent study by Malik et al. [31], trimethyl
study, we focused on the usage of biodegradable chitosan (TMC) was identified as a potent chitosan
and biocompatible chitosan and its derivatives, derivative with properties such as high aqueous
which exhibit potent inhibition against spike solubility, stability over a wide range of ionic
proteins of coronaviruses. We thoroughly evaluated conditions, and mucoadhesive properties, making
the effect of molecular weight, configuration, and it an effective adjuvant molecule. TMC was found
DS on different monomeric and oligomeric units to induce strong antibody responses and robust
of chitosan derivatives and their interaction with cell-mediated immunity. Alongside TMC, HTCC,
the spike protein. Milewska et al. [17] reported a a cationic chitosan derivative, has been proven to
decline in viral infection rate and multiplication be effective as an adjuvant when co-administered
when employing HTCC, a polymeric derivative of with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) recombinant
chitosan, in the culture medium of human airway polypeptide vaccine through the intramuscular
epithelium cell lines. HTCC was also identified route. Vaccination using HTCC as an adjuvant was
as a broad-range inhibitor of the other human associated with an increase in serum HEV-specific
coronaviruses in its polymeric form, with the DS IgG antibodies, splenocyte proliferation, and the
varying from 57% to 77% [18]. In our study, we growth of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and
evaluated the interaction affinity of the monomeric IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes in peripheral blood.

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