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30 INNOSC Theranostics and Pharmacological Sciences, 2023, Vol. 6, No. 1 Sinha
ceramics with a higher content of alumina (Al O ), properties and surface treatment process for each
2
3
the results were found to be poor [17]. Scarcity of these ceramic type as follows:
of glass phase has promoted neither the crystal
exposure at ceramic structure nor the chemical 5.1. Predominantly glass ceramic
reaction with silane, resulting in weaker bond with This form of ceramic has been predominantly
resin cement [17]. Hence, composition of particular derived from the silicon oxide, feldspar minerals,
ceramics system must be considered before surface and aluminum oxide. It has been used as the
treatment is chosen. However, this does not covering material over the metal or the ceramic
significantly affect the bond strength as compared coping and framework [3,20]. In addition, it has
to etching [8]. Depending on glass phase content of been used to construct the jacket crowns, on lays,
ceramic, it might be sensitive to the acid-etching porcelain veneers, and inlays. This form of ceramic
or might be resistant to the acid [18]. Sandblasting is also highly esthetic, abrasion-resistant, and
procedure is an effective alternative procedure for biocompatible, characterized by lesser mechanical
conditioning of the aluminum oxide ceramic with strength as compared to other forms of ceramic.
little or no glass content. Given the greater amount With a good cavity preparation and appropriate
of resistance to fracture of these ceramics, they could adhesive cement, it exhibits increased fracture
be cemented to the dentin using zinc phosphate or resistance [21]. For the same reason, non-adhesive
glass-ionomer cement [18]. Silicoating procedure cementation process has not been indicated for the
is another effective alternative, which promotes
durable bond with higher content of zirconium feldspathic ceramic [22].
ceramics or alumina [17,18]. 5.1.1. Methods in conducting the adhesive
cementation process using predominantly glass
5. Types of ceramics and its interaction with ceramic
adhesive system
Clinicians need to pretreat the “predominantly
While the clinicians and dental surgeons select the glass feldspathic ceramics” before doing the
cementation procedure for the process of ceramic adhesive cementation process. They need to
restorations, it is essential for them to know the etch the intaglio surface of the ceramics with
structure, composition, and resistance form of the hydrofluoric acid solution (within 5 – 10%
ceramics selected for fabricating the restoration concentration), for about 1 min approximately.
process. Doing this increases the surface area, cleans the
Based on their reaction to acid, ceramics are surface and aids in micromechanical retention of
classified as acid-sensitive or acid-resistant. This the adhesive cements [23]. Application of silanes
yields useful information on the bond strength of the on etched surface increases the wettability of the
cement adhesive with restoration. Acid-sensitive cement and enables chemical interaction with the
ceramics such as leucite, feldspar, and lithium surface of hydroxylated porcelain and the resin
disilicate bases are readily etched by acids and matrix [24,25].
form different etch patterns. The high crystalline
ceramic or acid-resistant ceramic does not result 5.1.1.1. Silanation
in formation of microporosities and hence require
other methods to improve bonding of cement and Both silanation and etching processes are
ceramic. These types of ceramic include densely recommended in the routine practice, as few
sintered alumina ceramics, glass infiltrated alumina researchers have reported that there are higher
and zirconia, and Y-TZP ceramics [19]. rates of veneer failure when the ceramic has been
The dental ceramic is also stratified based on the silanated and air-abraded but has not been etched
fillers, dopants, and matrix material. Based on these with the hydrofluoric acid [26,27]. For the process
parameters, dental ceramics are classified into three of silanation, two forms of silanes are available:
major categories: predominantly glass ceramic, Hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed silanes. Hydrolyzed
particle-filled glass ceramic, and polycrystalline silanes are one-bottle systems with a shorter shelf
(non-glass) ceramic [2,3]. We will look into the life. However, if the contents in the bottle were

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