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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Precision medicine and beyond in oncology

Table 2. (Continued)
Drug name Target Biomarker Clinical use Method of Adverse effects Sample Reference Combination
detection size
Tisotumab Transcription N/A Cervical cancer Biopsy+flow Anemia, diarrhea, 142 patients Vergote
factor cytometry nausea, and et al. 76
thrombocytopenia
Atezolizumab PDL1 N/A Kidney, bladder, Biopsy+flow Diarrhea, 410 patients Oaknin
transitional cytometry arthralgia, et al. 77
epithelial, pyrexia, rash,
breast, and hypothyroidism,
cervical cancer, hyperthyroidism,
HCC constipation,
myalgia, infusion
reaction
Sintilimab PD-1 TMB, Hodgkin Serum Pneumonia, 146 patients Zhang Sintilimab+
circulating lymphoma, diarrhea, colitis, et al. 78 bevacizumab
tumor DNA HCC hepatitis, nephritis,
endocrine disease,
infection reactions,
rashes
Durvalumab PDL1 N/A SCLC, HCC, Serum Febrile 805 patients Al-Salama
neutropenia, et al. 79
anemia,
leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia,
+
Tremelimumab CTLA-4 CD4 , Melanoma, Biopsy+flow Increased LFTs, 332 patients Kelley et al. Tremelimumab+
CD8 + HCC, PDAC cytometry diarrhea, increased 80 gemcitabine
lipase, and amylase
Note: N/A refers to not available.
Abbreviations: ALL: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; c-MET: Cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor; CRC: Colorectal cancer;
CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DLBCL: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor;
GCC: Guanylyl cyclase C; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma virus; LFTs: Liver function tests; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung
cancer; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; SCLC: Small-cell lung cancer; TMB: Tumor mutational
burden; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.

time (median of 9.1 months) for PDAC, suggesting that superior clinical benefits compared to sorafenib when
chemotherapy and immunotherapy combinations are a combined with bevacizumab. 89
promising direction for further investigation, rather than In addition, ADCs, the novel agents designed to
relying on immunotherapy alone. 85 deliver cytotoxic drugs into tumors, can further increase

Adjunct therapy combining VEGFR2 inhibitors and the efficacy of targeted therapies (Figure 2). The structure
PD-1/PDL1 inhibitors has become an important strategy of ADC includes monoclonal antibodies that recognize
to treat HCC. For example, atezolizumab-bevacizumab specific markers expressed by tumor cells, linked to
has recently been approved by the FDA to treat HCC. monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic drugs that induce
86
However, resistance to atezolizumab-bevacizumab, tumor cell death upon binding. Among several biomarkers,
such as high HES1 (transcriptional target of NOTCH tumor mutational burden is currently the most widely
pathway) expression, has been observed in clinical accepted. 90,91 While efficacy is remarkably stronger,
settings, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic combination regimens generally induce stronger Grade 3
strategies. First-line camrelizumab plus apatinib adverse events than single monoclonal antibody therapy;
87
(VEGFR2 inhibitor) has shown remarkable efficacy and the most common side effects include hypertension and
has since been used as a first-line therapy for unresectable palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome.
HCC in a Phase 3 trial. In addition, camrelizumab and Numerous molecular targets have been identified
74
apatinib are employed in a Phase I trial for advanced gastric in HCC, and targeting them may enhance the efficacy
cancer, and they showed favorable clinical outcomes with of ADCs. For instance, in an HCC mouse model,
an overall response rate of 76.5%. Sintilimab has shown diacylglycerol kinase gamma was found to promote tumor
88

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 43 doi: 10.36922/ITPS025140018