Page 111 - JCAU-6-4

Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Cultural exposition of architectural heritage

correspond to the female or Yin (earthly) principle. This Heaven and Humanity.” This idea is probably related to
numerological concept is evident in the positioning how living structures are closely integrated with nature,
of courtyards and the measurements of buildings. In such as the overall southward alignment of the city,
addition to being decorative, color plays a deeper role in which may take advantage of solar radiation and natural
Pingyao’s architecture. There is a perception of boldness air convection. These small enclosed spaces are both
and skillfulness in the use of colors, as observed by Liang functional and symbolic, attesting to human harmony
Sicheng (1981). Colors in Pingyao are closely associated with the natural environment surrounding the homes of
with cardinal points and are linked to the theory of the Five the yesteryears. These spaces normally include a garden
Elements, all of which contribute to the unique cultural designed with rocks and water, where features of the
and spiritual nature of these constructions. outside compound are brought inside in miniature forms.
Following many of the interpretations that have Confucian beliefs in ritual and music also influenced
discussed the social dimension of buildings in traditional the distribution of both residential houses and public
Chinese society, Pingyao’s architecture proves to be a buildings in Pingyao. This shows a societal appreciation for
remarkable reflection of these characteristics. Li (ritual) the segregation of physical space in response to physical
and Ren (benevolence), as outlined by Xu (2013), shape wealth status, which was intended to uphold social order.
the architectural esthetic and the spatial layout of the For example, the orientation of courtyards in residential
city. This is especially evident in the way public and complexes, where the main dwelling was designated for
private spaces are arranged, elevating the social status and ancestors and the side dwelling units for descendants, was
position of individuals. For example, the distinctive roof aimed at maintaining respect and hierarchy within the
elements, such as rounded ridges and brackets, are not family.
merely decorative but symbolic, representing traditional Another notable feature of architectural and artistic
Chinese cultural values and norms. These features convey styling worth mentioning is the impact of religion,
the social context and ethos of the period. Architecture particularly Daoism and Buddhism, on the architecture
and urban built forms hold social significance, as seen in of Pingyao. Religious structures, such as temples and
structures such as the City God Temple and Confucian shrines, both in their interiors and exteriors, are deeply
Temple, which serve as important centers for communal intermingled in the lives of the citizens. These structures
identification and connection. These buildings play a key serve as religious centers where people gather not only for
role in cultural performances and rituals that foster a worship but also for administrative, social, and cultural
sense of community and shared culture among the people events, including fairs and festivals.
of Pingyao, reinforcing their historical ties to Chinese
traditions. One may say that the architectural identity of Pingyao
historical city constitutes a vast network of both tangible
In this context, it is essential to understand that the and the less obvious, intangible aspects of social and
architectural image of Pingyao is tightly connected with spiritual existence. It is useful to consider a theoretical
Chinese philosophical and religious systems. One of the framework through which one can analyze and embrace
core principles, Yin and Yang, is evident in the design of the role and importance of the city as a cultural object. The
courtyards and the organization of buildings, where there architecture of Pingyao serves as a cradle for foreshadowing
is an interplay between the openness of formal courtyards traditional Chinese philosophies, social relations, and the
and the enclosed interiors of buildings. The separation of spirituality that has been intrinsically intertwined with the
building spaces into formal public areas and private zones culture of ancient China.
reflects this duality. Even the positioning of the property
follows Daoist principles, with Yang representing areas of 8. Conclusion
interaction and liveliness and Yin representing privacy and The cultural exposition model provides a sound approach
tranquility. Traditional theories, such as the Five Elements to explaining the architectural legacy of Pingyao historical
theory – metal, wood, water, fire, and earth – also affect city and its cultural values. Through the material, social,
the shape and orientation of buildings in Pingyao. Both and spiritual analyses of Pingyao’s architectural features, it
residential and commercial structures adhere to these has been revealed how architecture is connected to history,
principles, particularly in relation to water and wind society, and culture. The material dimension reveals the
direction. The placement of gates and main structures is city’s compliance with the principles of traditional Chinese
strategically designed to attract wealth and avoid misfortune. urban planning and the use of symbolism, while the social
Another valuable spiritual interest represented in the dimension highlights how architecture reflects societal
constructions of Pingyao is the notion of the “Unity of evolution and fosters a sense of community. The spiritual

Volume 6 Issue 4 (2024) 11 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.4189