Page 144 - JCAU-7-1

Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Development of the Thirteen Factories

transformation of the square in front of the English Factory The Thirteen Factories quarter showcased spatial forms
into a garden (Figure 12). This garden stretched from that were markedly different from those of the neighboring
the gate of the English Factory to the Pearl River. It was hangs, largely due to the direct interventions of Western
enclosed by walls on either side, paved with gravel paths, merchants. From the formation of a closed quarter and the
and adorned with oval flowerbeds planted with verdant establishment of commercial streets to the emergence of
shrubs (Figure 13). This redesign laid the foundation for squares and gardens, the quarter’s spatial elements became
the complete transformation of the square into a garden increasingly diverse, incorporating public and recreational
after the First Opium War. features. These developments can be seen as the introduction

Figure 12. Plan of the Thirteen Factories, Guangzhou, 1840. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France

Figure 13. The square and English garden in front of the Thirteenth Factories after 1822. Source: Swedish National Maritime and Transport Museum

Volume 7 Issue 1 (2025) 11 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.3676