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Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Development of the Thirteen Factories

of Western urban spaces in Guangzhou during a period of of the Thirteen Factories quarter. With the end of the
globalization. However, more in-depth planning of the Guangzhou System, hang merchants lost their monopoly
quarter took place after the First Opium War. over foreign trade and their authority to manage foreign
merchants. Consequently, control over the reconstruction
5.3. Transformation of the Thirteen Factories quarter of the factories shifted completely from the Chinese to
into a Western community after the First Opium War Westerners, leading to unprecedented development within
The First Opium War notably altered both the nature the quarter. After the First Opium War, foreign merchants
of Chinese foreign trade and the planning concepts began leasing land in Guangzhou. British merchants built

Figure 14. Plan of the New English and Foreign factories, Guangzhou, 1847. Source: The National Archives, London

Volume 7 Issue 1 (2025) 12 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.3676