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Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Urban resilience in civil engineering

literature is essential for fostering sustainable and resilient Studies by Cui et al. (2019), Ge and Zhang (2022),
cities. Wang et al. (2020), and Zhao et al. (2022) examine the
environmental challenges faced by China’s cities, including
3.2.4. Electrical power systems air pollution – primarily from transportation – global

This systematic review found no materials discussing the warming, sandstorms, and increasing noise pollution from
importance of grounding electrical wires in countries such construction sites and vehicular traffic. The combination
as Brazil to prevent disasters caused by severe storms in of high gas emissions, disorderly urbanization, and
recent years. However, Sá (2017) specifically addresses inadequate infrastructure aggravates traffic congestion and
this issue in their dissertation, which was included in the environmental degradation. Wang et al. (2020) analyze
database for analysis. The study emphasizes the relevance and measure the resilience of different types of transport
of energy security and the vulnerability of critical networks, including rail and air systems, based on network
infrastructure, much of which was designed decades ago diversity characteristics. Indicators from ISO 37123 related
without accounting for future changes that could disrupt to transportation resilience can help assess and improve
electricity transmission and distribution networks. Europe, the diversity and efficiency of these systems. For instance,
the United States, Brazil, and Russia have experienced metrics on public transport accessibility and emission
recurring blackouts and power system failures over the past reductions can guide the development of more sustainable
decade. The consequences of such vulnerabilities extend and resilient transport networks in China’s urban centers.
beyond environmental damage, leading to significant
political and economic disruptions. In an era where A major challenge is the lack of synchronization
global communication and technological systems are between governance and environmental management,
heavily dependent on a reliable power supply, government which hinders the implementation of effective and resilient
investment in preventive measures and energy security is urban solutions. The literature proposes the development
necessary. Network security solutions are presented as key of more detailed and rigorous urban planning strategies,
investment areas to enhance grid stability and resilience. incorporating analytical frameworks such as Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) to align
Electrical power systems are critical components of economic and environmental objectives. This approach
urban resilience, as highlighted by ISO 37123. Indicators is already becoming evident through China’s increasing
such as grid reliability during adverse events and the investment in electric vehicles and low-emission
integration of renewable energy sources are central to transportation solutions (Ge & Zhang, 2022). ISO 37123
ensuring energy security. These findings align with the emphasizes the role of governance in fostering resilience
present study’s conclusions, which emphasize the urgent through integrated urban planning and cross-sectoral
need to modernize infrastructure to withstand climate- collaboration. This aligns with the SWOT-based approach
related challenges. The identified gaps in research on proposed in the literature, which seeks to harmonize
grounding systems and energy grid resilience underscore economic and environmental goals to achieve sustainable
the urgency for targeted investments and further studies urban resilience.
in this area.
The study by Cui et al. (2019) examines urban
3.3. Situation in China, the world’s most populous metabolism with a focus on material flows and presents a
country methodological framework for understanding resource use,

China is the world’s leading country in industrial production stocks, and emissions in urban systems. Using Guangzhou,
and a global hub for technological innovation. It is also China, as a case study, they identify a pattern of intensive
the largest producer of solar energy, positioning itself at resource consumption, especially of non-renewable
the forefront of the renewable energy transition due to its materials such as fossil fuels and non-metallic minerals.
extensive solar panel production. In addition, China ranks Industrial and construction activities are highlighted as
first in global exports, maintaining a dominant position in the primary drivers of excessive energy consumption, solid
international trade. ISO 37123 highlights the integration waste generation, and CO₂ emissions, while agriculture
of renewable energy as a key indicator for resilient cities. and daily activities exhibit an increasing dependence on
China’s leadership in solar energy production and its external resources. This dependency heightens the city’s
advancements in electric vehicle technology establish vulnerability and poses challenges to its resilience and
it as a global reference for aligning renewable energy long-term sustainability. Cui et al. propose solutions to
adoption with resilience strategies. These efforts align with enhance urban metabolism sustainability, including the
the standard’s focus on reducing emissions and fostering implementation of green technologies such as renewable
sustainable urban development. energy systems and more efficient construction techniques.

Volume 7 Issue 3 (2025) 8 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.8088