Page 21 - JCBP-2-3

Journal of Clinical and
Basic Psychosomatics The antidepressant effect of ketamine

Table 1. (Continued) Table 1. (Continued)
Neurobiological markers Biomarkers and reference Neurobiological markers Biomarkers and reference
Brain function Decrease FC in ventral limbic nodes 17 Increase the expression levels of dopamine
Increase FC between subcortical and receptors in PFC and hippocampus 62
cortical nodes 17 Increase the firing activity of dopaminergic
Increase FC between the DMN and the and noradrenergic neurons 63
insula as well as with frontal, parietal, Inflammatory cytokines Decrease IL-6 level in the blood 67
and occipital cortices 18 Low IL-8 levels at baseline responded
Decrease FC within the intrinsic better to ketamine treatment 70
cognitive control network 92 Decrease the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte
Decrease FC between bilateral dACC/ ratio 71
dlPFC and left superior parietal cortex 92 Genetic markers Alter the expression of the clock gene 74
Increase FC between right central BDNF Val66Met polymorphism 75,76
executive network-amygdala connectivity 20
Ketamine has multi-target
Increase GBCr in dlPFC 21,22 pharmacological properties and is
Increase FC of sgACC with insula as well similar to the transcriptional profiles of
as caudate, but decreased FC with DMN 17 monoaminergic antidepressants 77
Increased FC between sgACC and SMA CYP450 gene 78
as well as dlPFC 23 Other markers High level of BDNF 81,83
Decreased FC between sgACC and right Increase FC of dorsomedial PFC
amygdala 24,25 associated with the alteration of BDNF 82
Decrease FC between amygdala and Decrease plasma KYN level 85,87
insula as well as temporal cortex 26
Increase serum kynurenic acid
Increase frontostriatal connectivity 27-29 (a protective metabolite of KYN) and
Increase FC between the habenula and reduce the level of quinolinic acid
right dlPFC 30 (a toxic metabolite of KYN) 86
Increase FC between right habenula and klotho gene 88
occipital-temporal cortex as well as para- Vascular endothelial growth factor 89
hippocampal gyrus 31
Promote the differentiation of
Neuroelectrophysiological EEG analysis revealed significant changes oligodendrocyte precursor cells and
markers in α, θ, and low-β frequency bands increase myelin formation 90
during ketamine treatment 33
Abbreviations: 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; AMPA: Alpha-amino-
Increased long-term potentiation 35
3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid; BDNF: Brain-derived
Increase SWA 37-39 neurotrophic factor; CBF: Cerebral blood flow; dACC: Dorsal anterior
Neurobiochemical markers cingulate cortex; dlPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMN: Default
mode network; EEG: Electroencephalogram; FA: Fractional
Glutamatergic Elevate the glutamate levels in PFC 44-46 anisotropy; FC: Functional connectivity; GBCr: Global regression;
neurotransmitters Increase the plasma d-serine IL: Interleukin; KYN: Kynurenine; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate;
(an endogenous co-agonist of the NMDA PFC: Prefrontal cortex; sgACC: Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex;
receptor) concentration 50 SMA: Supplementary motor area; SWA: Sleep slow wave activity.
High levels of SHANK3 (a regulatory
protein of NMDA receptor) at Acknowledgments
baseline could predict the response to
ketamine 51 None.
Increase the ratio of AMPA receptors in
the hippocampus 52 Funding
Decrease the ligand binding of mGluR5, This work was supported by the National Natural Science
a metabolic glutamatergic receptor 55,56 Foundation of China (grant number: 81971570 awarded
Monoamine pathway Increase the levels of extracellular serotonin, to Yonggui Yuan; 81801349 awarded to Yingying Yin) for
dopamine and norepinephrine of PFC 58 literature search, and the Natural Science Foundation of
Increase the binding force of the 5-HT1B Jiangsu Province (grant number: BK20180373 awarded to
receptor and 5-HT transporter 59
Yingying Yin) for the analysis and interpretation of data
(Cont'd...) for the paper’s publication.

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2024) 8 doi: 10.36922/jcbp.2596