Page 76 - JCBP-3-3

Journal of Clinical and
Basic Psychosomatics Emotional effects of COVID-19 memories

Table 2. Test of normality for the variables used in the analysis
Variables Kolmogorov– Smirnov statistic Significance Shapiro–Wilk statistic Significance
Data
Baseline 0.106 0.2 0.952 0.06
Quarantine 0.096 0.2 0.949 0.047
Daily routine 0.106 0.2 0.947 0.038
Fear of Infection 0.111 0.2 0.955 0.081
News exposure 0.087 0.2 0.957 0.09
Loneliness 0.092 0.2 0.955 0.076
Searching for information 0.108 0.2 0.943 0.028
Panic buying 0.134 0.04 0.942 0.026
Financial difficulties 0.115 0.169 0.952 0.061
Online education 0.099 0.2 0.951 0.055
Self-report data
DASS anxiety 0.13 0.077 0.93 0.012
Quarantine 0.136 0.088 0.957 0.175
Daily routine 0.227 0 0.91 0.006
Fear of infection 0.122 0.193 0.946 0.078
News exposure 0.122 0.193 0.952 0.122
Loneliness 0.155 0.028 0.955 0.155
Searching for information 0.128 0.145 0.96 0.216
Panic buying 0.119 0.2 0.957 0.172
Financial difficulties 0.091 0.2 0.978 0.667
Online education 0.139 0.078 0.956 0.165
Abbreviation: DASS: Depression, anxiety, and stress scale.

Table 3. Reliability analysis of DASS-21

DASS-21 factor Stress Anxiety Depression
Cronbach’s alpha 0.74 0.80 0.80
Abbreviation: DASS: Depression, anxiety, and stress scale.

4. Discussion
The present study sought to investigate the most
emotionally salient contributors to anxiety among
university students during the COVID-19 pandemic,
examining both the immediate and lingering autonomic
effects of these stressors. In addition, the study aimed to Figure 2. EDA responses to COVID-19 memories
explore how current levels of anxiety and gender may Note: Figures 2 represents EDA in response to COVID-19-related
moderate physiological arousal in response to COVID- memories. Error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals.
19-related stressors. By combining self-report data
with EDA measurements, this study offers a unique and pinpointing stressors of which memory triggers
psychophysiological perspective on pandemic-related stronger physiological reactions. Moreover, the findings
stress, revealing significant differences in EDA across indicate that both present anxiety and gender influence
various pandemic-related stressors. The results highlight physiological responses to stressors, providing evidence
that pandemic memories continue to impact individuals’ that individually tailored preparations for such events are
arousal levels even 2 years after the initial stress events warranted.

Volume 3 Issue 3 (2025) 70 doi: 10.36922/jcbp.4825