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Microbes & Immunity

REVIEW ARTICLE
Interplays between host pattern-recognition

receptors and pathogen ligands in
immunogenic cell death

Chuang Li 1,2 , Chao Qin 3,4 , Yichen Wei 5 , and Xiaolong Shao *
1
1 Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection,
Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
2 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States of America
3 Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural
University, Beijing, China
4 Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
5 Department of Molecules and Cells, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of
Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Abstract
The strategic induction of cell death serves as a crucial immune defense mechanism for
the eradication of pathogen infections within host cells. Investigating the molecular
mechanisms underlying immunogenic cell pathways has significantly enhanced
our understanding of the host’s immunity. This review provides a comprehensive
*Corresponding author:
Xiaolong Shao overview of the immunogenic cell death mechanisms triggered by pathogen
(xlshao@njau.edu.cn) infections, focusing on the critical role of pattern recognition receptors. In response
Citation: Li C, Qin C, Wei Y, to infections, host cells dictate a variety of cell death pathways, including apoptosis,
Shao X. Interplays between host pyroptosis, necrosis, and lysosomal cell death, which are essential for amplifying
pattern-recognition receptors and immune responses and controlling pathogen dissemination. Key components of
pathogen ligands in immunogenic these mechanisms are host cellular receptors that recognize pathogen-associated
cell death. Microbes & Immunity.
2024;1(2):29-45. ligands. These receptors activate downstream signaling cascades, leading to
doi: 10.36922/mi.4264 the expression of immunoregulatory genes and the production of antimicrobial
Received: July 17, 2024 cytokines and chemokines. Particularly, the inflammasome, a multi-protein complex,
plays a pivotal role in these responses by processing pro-inflammatory cytokines
Accepted: September 2, 2024
and inducing pyroptotic cell death. Pathogens, in turn, have evolved strategies to
Published Online: September 24, manipulate these cell death pathways, either by inhibiting them to facilitate their
2024 replication or by triggering them to evade host defenses. A deeper understanding of
Copyright: © 2024 Author(s). immunogenic cell death is crucial for developing novel immunotherapies, advancing
This is an Open-Access article infectious disease and cancer treatment, and revealing the complex interactions
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution between dying cells and the immune system. This review aims to provide systematic
License, permitting distribution, summarization as well as recent proceedings regarding the dynamic interplay
and reproduction in any medium, between host immune mechanisms and pathogen strategies, highlighting the
provided the original work is
properly cited. intricate co-evolution of microbial virulence and host immunity.
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with Keywords: Cell death; Ligands; Receptors; Inflammasome; Pathogens; Apoptosis;
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Pyroptosis; Lysosomes
affiliations.

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2024) 29 doi: 10.36922/mi.4264