Page 51 - MSAM-2-1

Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Data imputation strategies of PBF Ti64

Max Min 373 11 251 40 460 35 5 730 34 200 20 90 15 7000 25 100 35 14.5 0 479 403.5 1407 1333 0 119 17.12 65 0

GINN imputation SD 67.23 31.88 72.23 -4 1.22 100.86 34.86 14.60 501.83 6.53 2.43 225 38.65 262 34.32 420 140.24 154.94 25.66 6.53

N Mean 85.32 401 104.18 401 114.57 401 1.30 401 109.81 401 45.25 401 39.72 401 580.02 401 96.99 401 6.76 401 389.81 401 358.81 401 1167.01 401 1078.48 401 96.59 401 3.02 401
Max Min 373 11 251 40 460 35 5 −4 730 34 200 20 90 15 7000 25 100 35 14.5 0 479 225 403.5 262 1407 420 1333 0 119 17.12 65 0

MICE imputation SD 67.56 50.74 74.70 1.70 96.52 34.85 15.82 520.05 6.46 2.53 36.34 28.90 218.33 269.83 22.62 6.46
Table 2. Statistical summaries of observed and imputed datasets for kNN, MICE, and GINN for variables with missing values

N Mean 92.93 401 102.90 401 115.82 401 1.86 401 108.81 401 45.32 401 41.30 401 618.34 401 96.67 401 5.84 401 372.65 401 356.86 401 1073.71 401 916.49 401 95.03 401 3.34 401
Max 373 251 460 5 730 200 90 7000 100 14.5 479 403.5 1407 1333 119 65

Min 11 40 35 −4 34 20 15 25 35 0 225 262 420 0 17.12 0
kNN imputation SD 65.14 29.34 73.92 0.96 97.57 34.85 7.22 514.52 6.51 1.84 27.84 12.76 107.53 125.32 20.84 6.51 N is the number of datapoints; maximum number of datapoints is 401 in this study; number of available datapoints for observed dataset is always smaller than 401 and may not be the same.

Mean 89.07 122.09 114.32 0.28 106.03 45.27 62.89 638.93 96.94 6.54 393.97 372.27 1168.89 1040.13 89.08 3.06

N 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401 401
Max 373 251 460 5 730 200 90 7000 100 14.5 479 403.5 1407 1333 119 65

Min 11 40 35 −4 34 20 15 25 35 0 225 262 420 0 17.12 0 kNN: k-nearest neighbor, GINN: Graph imputation neural network, MICE: Multivariate imputation by chained equations
Observed SD 68.05 43.88 56.43 1.56 133.86 34.89 12.51 531.09 6.92 3.05 46.64 26.84 147.47 189.93 32.28 6.92

Mean 89.20 117.73 106.42 0.57 125.56 45.30 60.01 613.23 96.67 6.31 385.05 366.31 1175.21 1049.56 75.64 3.33

N 364 78 377 107 194 400 72 342 350 82 40 47 82 71 31 350

Energy density (J/mm 3 ) Exposure duration (µs) Hatch spacing (µm) Laser focus (mm) Layer thickness (µm) Point distance (µm) Scan speed (mm/s) Microhardness (HV) Macrohardness (HV) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) Young’s modulus (GPa)

Features Laser spot (µm) Density (%) Elongation (%) Porosity (%)

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2023) 10 https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.50