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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing High-performance materials in AM

and AM technology will become even stronger, and it is powder raw materials for specific types of processing [112,113] ,
expected that this material will play a valuable role in more performance specifications for specific products [114-117] , as
fields and serve the practical needs of cutting-edge fields well as specific procedures and specifications for different
better with the help of AM technology. processes [118] . On the other hand, ISO also formally
established Committee TC261 in 2011 to work specifically
5. Standards in additive manufacturing on the standardization issues throughout the entire process
st
As AM technology flourishes, standards are needed for of additive manufacturing [119] . In its 1 year since inception,
all aspects of the development, use, and refinement of it started a partnership with the F42 committee and has
the varied materials that are applied to this technology. been working on the definition of terms, coordinate system
Industry standards are the foundation for development, definitions, data formats, etc., in the following years.
the beacon that inspires researchers to make breakthroughs In 2021, ASTM and ISO have again jointly published
and the guide for those trying to make the most out of the harmonized standard ASTM ISO/ASTM52903-1-20 for
this revolutionary technology. This section will therefore raw materials for MEX technology, including unfilled, filled,
focus on the internationally recognized material standards and reinforced plastic materials suitable for processing into
currently used for AM technology, with a view to informing parts and taking into account the influence of components
research in this area. that may contain flame retardants or stabilizers [120] .
It should be noted that an early effort to formulate The European Union and China have also started to
standards in the field of AM technology was undertaken formulate their own AM standards. For example, the
by the American Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) European Union launched the SASAM (Support Action
in the USA, which launch a standard on laser-deposited for Standardization in Additive Manufacturing) project in
titanium products in 2002 [108] . This standard is no longer 2015 [121] and China established the TC562 National Technical
valid and has been reaffirmed by the SAE as AMS4999A Committee for Additive Manufacturing Standardization in
in 2016 [109] . This has been updated with regard to the 2016 [122] . They have also started to develop standards in a
requirements for raw materials.
number of key areas of AM technology, some of which are
In 2008, the ASTM International started to engage related to the requirements for raw materials.
became in this important endeavor and in 2009, the As can be understood from the above history of
ASTM Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing development, the most influential standards in the field of
Technology was formed and divided into eight technical AM technology are still those developed by ASTM and ISO,
subcommittees to oversee the development of standards and they have developed some standards for constraints
for different parts of the AM technology field [110] . Of the and characterization of metals as well as polymeric raw
22 standard headings currently listed on the F42 website,
the more important ones include F42.01 Test Methods, materials. Table 1 provides a summary of information on
F42.04 Design and F42.05 Materials and Processes [111] . In these material standards that are still in force.
turn, F42.05 includes a dozen standards that define the However, as stated in ASTM’s February 2022 article
requirements and characterization of polymer and metal on materials suitable for AM in construction, there are

Table 1. Summary information on ASTM standards for raw materials in the AM sector

Standard no. Applicable material Applicable technology Date of update
ASTM F2924-14 (2021) Ti-6Al-4V Full-melt powder bed fusion October 20, 2021
ASTM F3001-14 (2021) Ti-6Al-4V (extra low interstitial) Full-melt powder bed fusion October 22, 2021
ASTM F3049-14 (2021) Metal powders Powder-based additive manufacturing processes October 25, 2021
ASTM F3055-14a (2021) Nickel alloy (UNS N07718) Powder bed fusion October 29, 2021
ASTM F3056-14 (2021) Nickel alloy (UNS N06625) Powder bed fusion October 29, 2021
ASTM F3091/F3091M-14 (2021) Plastic materials Powder bed fusion October 29, 2021
ASTM F3184-16 Stainless steel alloy (UNS S31603) Powder bed fusion October 10, 2017
ASTM F3213-17 Co-28-Cr-6-Mo Powder bed fusion January 11, 2018
ASTM ISO/ASTM52901-16 General raw materials Not specified April 03, 2017
ASTM ISO/ASTM52903-1-20 Plastic materials Material extrusion March 09, 2021
ASTM ISO/ASTM52925-22 Polymers Laser-based powder bed fusion April 11, 2022

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023) 11 https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.1587