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A C

B

Figure 2. Application of organoids in traumatic brain injury. (A) The experimental application of cBOS (Ca Biosensors) involves the utilization of
2+
genetically encoded probes and sensors to quantify intracellular calcium levels or cellular metabolite concentrations. Reproduced with permission. 74
Copyright © 2024 Cell Press. (B) Genetic responses to mechanical stimulation in TBI models evaluated with gene expression analysis and enrichment
patterns. Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 2023 Springer Nature. (C) Enhanced cognitive function following human cortical organoid (hCO)
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transplantation in a mild TBI model: heatmap analysis of mouse locomotor activity in novel object recognition tests and quantitative assessment of object
preference pre- and post-TBI induction. Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier.
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Abbreviations: cBOS: Cortical brain organoid slices; hCO: hESC-derived cerebral organoids; TBI: Traumatic brain injury.
working on developing drug delivery systems that can break of natural killer (NK) cells through a molecular pathway
through the BBB, including novel treatment strategies such involving the CD161 gene. Despite the ability of NK cells
as nanotechnology, drug-loaded liposomes, and brain- to recognize and attack GBM cells, which often express
targeted delivery carriers. These innovative therapies are low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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expected to improve the penetration rate of chemotherapy molecules, this innate defense mechanism is dampened by
drugs in the future, thereby more effectively attacking tumor GBM cells. 97
cells and improving the prognosis of GBM patients. GBM cells effectively evade the immune attack by

4.1.3. Tumor immunology NK cells through the reduction of activating receptor
expressions such as NKp30, NKG2D, and DNAM-1, as well
Glioblastoma cells have developed multiple mechanisms to as surface molecules CD317 and CD210. Concurrently,
evade immune responses. They can suppress the immune GSCs enhance their immune evasion capabilities by
system by reducing the secretion of transforming growth expressing the immunosuppressive molecule CD73 and
factor-β (TGF-β) and inhibiting the cytotoxic function increasing the expression of MHC class I molecules. 98,99

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025) 7 doi: 10.36922/or.8261