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Arts & Communication AI in teacher education and critical thinking

A B

Figure 4. Example of an image created with AI. (A) Image created by a student (Leonarte, A., Master in Lifelong Research, University of Zaragoza, 2024).
(B) Images created on based on picture in panel (A).
Sources: Images provided by the author.

hyper-realistic audiovisual content. This technology is In addition, analysis of AI-created images requires
mainly used to replace or manipulate faces and voices in consideration of context and possible bias in their creation.
videos so that they are perceived as authentic. The process AI learns from large volumes of data, which often reflect
involves training AI models with large amounts of visual social biases or stereotypes. When examining these images,
and auditory data of a specific person, which allows it is necessary to reflect on the ideologies or values that may
algorithms to learn their facial expressions, gestures, and be implicit in them, as well as the possible omissions or
voice. With this information, deepfakes can overlay these exaggerations they present. This type of analysis deepens
features on other images or videos, generating a convincing critical understanding of how technology can replicate or
imitation. The deepfake concept was designed in 2017 by a amplify certain narratives and strengthens the ability to
user of the Reddit website. This user founded a forum titled question the biases present in algorithmic systems.
deepfake to establish a discussion community about the On the more negative side, there is the notion of false
use of AI programs for the creation of deepfakes in the field documentation. At present, there are websites that, upon
of pornography. Even though deepfakes are mainly applied payment of a certain amount for each processed image,
in this area, deepfakes have also started to be virtualized undress whoever the users request in a defamatory manner.
for political purposes. 26 What is striking is that these apps were not configured for
The goal of deepfakes is usually to mimic reality so the treatment of male subjects, as the website in question
accurately that they deceive the viewer. While they have itself pointed out in its beginnings. Hence, the violence is
legitimate applications, such as in films to recreate actors not only in the aggression toward a body but focuses only
27
or in artistic projects, they are better known for their on the female body. At the same time, there is the creation
malicious use. These uses include the creation of fake of pedophilic content, also punishable by law. There are
news or disinformation, falsification of public statements already several municipalities in Spain where cases of
by important figures, fraud, and non-consensual deepfake pornography have been reported. The case of
pornographic content. The ability of deepfakes to deceive Almendralejo (Badajoz) was the first to appear, in which
lies in their high level of realism, specifically designed to be minor victims were stripped naked with an AI application,
indistinguishable from reality. with its subsequent dissemination in different groups of
both WhatsApp and Telegram. 28
In addition, analysis of AI-created images requires
consideration of context and possible bias in their creation. On the adult side, this type of representation is also
AI may reflect cultural, racial, or gender biases present found in pornographic key, in which world leaders are
in the data it was trained on, perpetuating stereotypes or also defamed through this strategy, where their identity
generating problematic content. When examining these is impersonated and they appear in indecent attitudes, as
images, it is necessary to reflect on the ideologies or values happens with famous actresses and popular people of the
that may be implicit in them, as well as the possible omissions culture (Figure 5).
or exaggerations they present. This type of analysis deepens We found AI-created models, through impersonation,
the critical understanding of how technology can replicate that seduce viewers and generate economy by selling
or amplify certain narratives and strengthens the ability to products demanded by the target audience. We also found
question the biases present in algorithmic systems. cases where AI intervenes in people’s personal and intimate

Volume 3 Issue 3 (2025) 6 doi: 10.36922/ac.5047