Page 61 - AIH-2-1

Artificial Intelligence in Health Algorithm and metal oxide nanoparticle in MRI

zinc oxide (ZnO, 99%). Additional reagents employed entries in the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction
were ethylene glycol, citric acid, and nitric acid. Standards (JCPDS) database. The crystallite sizes of the
42
NPs were estimated using the Scherrer equation. This
43
2.2. Synthesis of NPs size estimation was also conducted by analyzing XRD
To synthesize Co O NPs, Co(NO )·6H O and urea were peaks, employing the Debye–Scherrer equation. XRD
43
4
2
3
3
separately dissolved in 30 mL Milli-Q water at a molar spectra were acquired using a D/MAX-2100/PC (Rigaku)
ratio of 1:1, following which the solutions were combined apparatus, equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source
and maintained at 30°C for 2 h for homogenization. The (λ = 1.5418 Å). The spectra were scanned in a 2θ range
mixed solution was then heated to 80°C with vigorous of 20 – 80°, with a scanning speed of 2°/min, a step size of
stirring until complete solvent evaporation. Co O NPs 0.02°/min, and operating conditions of 40 kV and 20 mA.
4
3
were finally obtained post-calcination at 400°C. 38
2.3.2. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Copper oxide (CuO) NPs, in the form of a
Cu O/CuO nanocomposite, were prepared by dissolving FTIR spectroscopy was performed to analyze the functional
groups and molecular bonds within the NPs, facilitating
2
5 g Cu(NO ) ·3H O in 20 mL ethylene glycol. After stirring the detection of compositional changes in the samples.
2
3 2
the solution for 1 h, it was allowed to form a gel over 24 h, This analysis was performed using a Vertex 70-Bruker
followed by drying at 200°C and calcination at 300°C for spectrometer, supported by a diamond crystal. Spectra were
1 h each. A final heat treatment was performed at 500°C acquired in the infrared region using the attenuated total
for 1 h. reflectance method, with a scanning range of 3000 – 400 cm ,
−1
Fe O NPs were synthesized by dissolving 7.2 g comprising 32 scans at a resolution of 4 cm .
−1
2
3
Fe(NO ) ·9H O in 200 mL Milli-Q water and 32.6 g citric
2
3 3
acid in 800 mL Milli-Q water. The iron nitrate solution was 2.4. MRI
gradually added to the citric acid solution under constant An acrylic phantom, simulating a brain, was filled with
stirring. The mixture was then heated to 90°C until gel paramagnetic aqueous solutions to mimic different
formation, dried in an oven at 100°C for 24 h, and calcined at biological tissues, such as gray matter, white matter, and
400°C for 2 h. The resulting gel was ground into a powder. 39 cerebrospinal fluid. To assess changes in MRI signal
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Nickel oxide (NiO) NPs were prepared by dissolving 3 g intensity and relaxation time, four distinct concentrations
Ni(NO ) ·6H O in 100 mL Milli-Q water. To this solution, of NPs (Table 1) were prepared and added to specific
compartments of the phantom. The effects of these varying
3 2
2
0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution was added drop-wise NP concentrations on MRI signal characteristics were
under continuous stirring until the pH reached 11, at subsequently evaluated.
which point precipitates were formed. These precipitates
were washed 5 times with Milli-Q water, dried at 95°C The acquisition of MRIs followed a protocol
to completely remove the solvent, and finally calcined at recommended by the Consortium of MS Centers, tailored
550°C for 3 h. 40 specifically for patients with MS. These images were
acquired using a 3.0 Tesla Siemens Verio MRI scanner.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs were synthesized using amorphous To investigate the impact of varying NP concentrations
ZnO powder. Initially, 100 mL Milli-Q water and 15 mL on the MRI signals, signal quantification was performed
nitric acid were mixed using a magnetic stirrer at 90°C, across three different imaging sequences: T1-w, T2-w, and
following which 5.5 g amorphous ZnO was added gradually. FLAIR. Furthermore, a study was performed to assess the
A secondary solution containing 190 mL deionized water influence of echo time (TE) variations on signal intensity,
and 5.5 g citric acid was prepared and mixed with the using TEs of 11, 32, 43, 64, and 86 ms. Figure 1 illustrates
first solution. After 15 min of stirring and adding 10.5 mL the phantom infused with different concentrations of the
ethylene glycol, the mixture was maintained at 290°C until five metallic oxide NPs (Figure 1A) and a representative
reaching a basic pH. The temperature was then lowered MRI slice of the phantom (Figure 1B).
to 180°C and subsequently to 70°C until the solvent was
evaporated. Post-crystallization, the product was dried for Table 1. Concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs) in the phantom
2 h at 350°C and further heated at 500°C for 30 min. 41
Hole Co O (g/L) CuO (g/L) Fe O (g/L) NiO (g/L) ZnO (g/L)
2
3
4
3
2.3. Characterization of the NPs 1 0.20 0.27 0.11 0.35 0.19
2.3.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 2 0.49 0.65 0.53 0.63 0.52
XRD was used to determine the crystalline structures 3 1.39 2.07 1.83 1.97 1.41
and phases of the NPs by comparing the results with the 4 3.59 3.29 3.33 3.59 3.32

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 55 doi: 10.36922/aih.3947