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IoT-based water quality monitoring

Table 7. Result of TDS measurements in Buntu River, Kendal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
No. Day Measurement time TDS (sensors) TDS (meters) Difference (%)
1 Thursday 10:00 557 552 0.9 0.99
12:00 569 566 0.5 0.99
15:00 576 568 1.4 0.99
16:00 577 570 1.2 0.99
2 Friday 9:00 560 549 2.0 0.98
12:00 570 570 0 1.00
14:00 575 574 0.2 1.00
16:00 576 574 0.3 1.00
3 Saturday 10:00 686 680 0.9 0.99
12:00 704 697 1.0 0.99
14:00 745 738 0.9 0.99
16:00 626 626 0 1.00
4 Sunday 9:00 685 675 1.5 0.99
12:00 687 682 0.7 0.99
14:00 626 616 1.6 0.98
17:00 626 624 0.3 1.00
5 Monday 9:00 780 767 1.9 0.98
12:00 712 711 0.1 1.00
14:00 812 798 1.7 0.98
16:00 815 798 2.1 0.98

Figure 2. Measurements of pH sensor, temperature Figure 3. Measurements of pH sensor, temperature
sensor, and TDS sensor at Banjardowo River, sensor, and TDS sensor at Buntu river, Kendal
Semarang city Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Abbreviation: TDS: Total dissolved solids Abbreviation: TDS: Total dissolved solids

generated and narrowly bounded nature of the dataset, urban runoff and industrial discharges. Its concentration
these trends should be interpreted cautiously. Further varies geographically due to differences in mineral
validation utilizing empirical field data is essential for dissolution and can impact water quality and palatability,
drawing definitive conclusions about the hydrochemical particularly at higher levels. Effective monitoring and
processes occurring in the Buntu River ecosystem. management of TDS are crucial to maintaining water
TDS in river water originates from various sources, quality and protecting both ecosystems and public health.
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including natural processes and human activities such as Elevated TDS levels can harm aquatic life by altering water

Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 13 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025110069