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Ma, et al.

Biomass, especially from forestry and agricultural reviewed minimum ignition energy tests, analyzing
residues, has considerable global potential for renewable dispersion and static electricity influences. Zhang and
energy production, with liquid biofuels gaining Zhou found that the ignition temperature of bamboo
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5
strategic importance in Europe and other regions. dust initially decreases with concentration and then
Global bioenergy output was approximately 40 EJ in stabilizes. Wu et al. highlighted the impacts of volatile
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2023, covering about 5% of primary energy demand, content and ash on oil shale dust explosions.
and it is expected to reach 100 EJ by 2050, potentially He et al. identified tobacco dust explosions as most
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replacing up to 27% of transport fuels. In China, multi- severe in extraction pipes. Yang et al. demonstrated
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6-8
source biomass resources equivalent to 460 million tons that a smaller particle size in lutein residue dusts leads
of standard coal are available annually, and Figure 1 to lower explosion limit concentration and higher
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illustrates the status of biomass energy conversion and peak pressure. Islas et al. 23,24 simulated biomass dust
overall resource availability as of 2020. Bibliometric explosions, revealing the critical role of venting systems.
analyses confirm that biomass research is increasingly Medina et al. and Slatter et al. revealed comparable
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focused on improving conversion efficiency and safety. 6 or higher explosion hazards of biomass dust relative to
A critical challenge in biomass utilization is the coal.
control of combustion processes, especially for dust Recent advances in biomass pyrolysis and flame
fuels, which are characterized by high surface area and dynamics were reported by Shen et al., Liu et al., and
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reactivity. Huang derived predictive formulas to Wen et al., while Yang et al. confirmed explosibility
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evaluate the minimum ignition temperature and energy in biomass fuel mixtures. Liu et al. analyzed kinetic
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of wood-plastic composite dust, emphasizing the strong degradation during volatile combustion and diffusion
effect of concentration on deflagration sensitivity. Zhang during char combustion. Mulky and Niemeyer modeled
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et al. compared the pyrolysis and explosion behavior smoldering behavior in cellulose-hemicellulose
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of rosewood and poplar fiber dust, revealing a higher mixtures, clarifying the effects of fuel composition and
explosion risk for rosewood due to lower activation moisture.
energy. Jiang et al. characterized distillers dried grains Recent studies have demonstrated that the
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with solubles dust as St1 (low hazard) and determined combustion and explosion behaviors of biomass dust are
its ignition parameters. Zhang et al. observed spiral significantly influenced by particle morphology, pore
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flame propagation in corn starch dust explosions at structure, and chemical composition. 10-22 However, most
different airflow velocities, while Zhang et al. clarified existing research focuses primarily on homogeneous
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the effects of ignition energy on the explosion limits of biomass dusts or simple fibrous systems, such as wood
tapioca starch. dust, bamboo dust, and straw particles, 11,12,19 without
Chen and Liu et al. indicated that cellulose content adequately considering the multiscale pore architectures
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increases maximum explosion pressure, whereas higher present in actual waste materials. 27-32 Moreover,
lignin reduces it. Lv et al. confirmed that smaller systematic investigations into the coupling effects of
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particle sizes release more energy. Wang et al. pore distribution on flame propagation dynamics and
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reaction time remain limited. Addressing these gaps is
critical for developing accurate fire risk assessments
and safety strategies for biomass-derived wastes.
This study aims to investigate the energy utilization
of long-fiber biomass materials by establishing the
relationship between input quantity, reaction time,
and efficiency. By optimizing reaction conditions and
enhancing resource utilization, the study provides
a theoretical foundation for equipment design and
process refinement. In addition, this study fills a gap
in biomass combustion research by developing a fire
safety assessment model tailored to heterogeneous
biomass. It is the first to focus on the multiscale pore
architecture of waste cotton flocs – contrasting with
Figure 1. Current status of biomass resources and conventional studies on homogeneous dust or straw
energy utilization in China systems – unveiling new mechanisms by which pore

Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 206 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025240193