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Qin, et al.

                Xinjiang Uygur  Autonomous  Region, China (Grant        Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers.
                Number  2023A02012-1-3), titled  “Research  on  the     Remote Sens Environ. 2012;121:144-158.
                System for Optimal Allocation of Water Resources at      doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.01.017
                the Watershed Scale.”                               3.  Piao S, Wang X, Park T, et al. Characteristics, drivers and
                                                                        feedbacks  of global  greening.  Nat  Rev  Earth  Environ.
                Conflict of interest                                    2019;1(1):14-27.
                                                                        doi: 10.1038/s43017-019-0001-x
                                                                    4.  Xu M, Wu H, Kang S, Chen X, Wang Y. Climate change
                The  authors  declare  that  they  have  no  conflicts  of   decreased the effect of meltwater on cotton production in
                interest. The funders had no role in the design of the   the Yarkant river basin of arid northwest China. Irrig Sci.
                study; in the collection,  analysis, or interpretation  of   2024;42(1):99-114.
                data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision      doi: 10.1007/s00271-023-00862-x
                to publish the results.                             5.  Zhan C, Liang C, Zhao L, et al. Vegetation dynamics and
                                                                        its response to climate change in the yellow river Basin,
                Author contributions                                    China. Front Environ Sci. 2022;10:892747.
                                                                        doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.892747
                Conceptualization: Guoqiang Qin, Kai Yuan, Guoliang   6.  Komissarov A, Komissarov M, Safin K, Ishbulatov M,
                   Ding                                                 Kovshov  Y.  Long-term  irrigation  effect  on  soil  and
                Formal analysis: Guoqiang Qin, Kai Yuan                 vegetation cover of floodplain estuaries in the Southern
                Investigation: Guoqiang Qin, Kai  Yuan, Qiang Guo,      Urals. Asian J Water Environ Pollut. 2020;17(1):83-90.
                                                                        doi: 10.3233/AJW200009
                   Runbo Wang                                       7.  Chen Y, Li Z, Fan Y, Wang H, Deng H. Progress and
                Methodology: Guoqiang Qin, Kai Yuan                     prospects of climate  change  impacts  on hydrology
                Writing–original draft: Guoqiang Qin, Kai Yuan          in the arid region of northwest China.  Environ Res.
                Writing–review & editing: Guoqiang Qin, Guoliang Ding   2015;139:11-19.
                                                                        doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.029
                Availability of data                                8.  Li Z, Chen Y, Li W, Deng H, Fang G. Potential impacts
                                                                        of climate change on vegetation dynamics  in Central
                This study utilized datasets that are publicly available   Asia. JGR Atmos. 2015;120(24):12345-12356.
                from the following sources:                             doi: 10.1002/2015JD023618
                (i)  Meteorological data were obtained from the National   9.  Lioubimtseva  E,  Cole  R,  Adams JM, Kapustin  G.
                   Meteorological  Information  Center  -  China        Impacts of climate and land-cover changes in arid lands
                   Meteorological  Data Service  Center (http://data.     of Central Asia. J Arid Environ. 2005;62(2):285-308.
                                                                        doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.11.005
                   cma.cn).                                         10.  Xiao J, Jin Z,  Wang J.  Assessment of the
                (ii)  Geospatial and environmental data were acquired   hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality of the Tarim
                   from the National Earth System Science Data          river basin in an extreme arid region, NW China. Environ
                   Center (http://www.geodata.cn).                      Manag. 2014;53(1):135-146.
                (iii) Remote sensing data products were sourced from      doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0198-2
                   NASA Earth Data (https://earthdata.nasa.gov).    11.  Deng H, Chen Y, Wang H, Zhang S. Climate change with
                (iv) Data processing and analysis were conducted using   elevation and its potential impact on water resources in
                   the GEE platform (https://earthengine.google.com).   the  Tianshan  Mountains, Central  Asia.  Global Planet
                  All  data  supporting  the  findings  of  this  study  are      Change. 2015;135:28-37.
                                                                        doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.09.015
                available from the aforementioned public repositories.  12.  Chen Z, Chen Y, Li B. Quantifying the effects of climate
                                                                        variability  and  human  activities  on  runoff  for  Kaidu
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                   AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS    13.  Zhang Q, Gu X, Singh VP, Shi P, Sun P. More frequent
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