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Mahto, et al.

different years may have introduced some discrepancies Funding
in the results.
The groundwater quality assessment of the Patna None.
district from 2004 to 2020 revealed significant spatial
and temporal variations in physicochemical parameters. Conflict of interest
While the majority of the groundwater samples fell
within the permissible limits for these parameters, The authors declare they have no competing interests.
water samples from certain locations exhibited elevated
pH, EC, TH, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and other key Author contributions
contaminants, indicating localized contamination due to
natural and anthropogenic influences. The Piper diagram Conceptualization: Bandana Mahto, Premlata Singh
analysis confirms that the dominant water type is Ca - Formal analysis: Bandana Mahto, Baboo Rai
2+
Mg -HCO , suggesting carbonate rock dissolution as Investigation: Bandana Mahto
2+
−
3
a major controlling factor, with some samples showing Methodology: Bandana Mahto, Premlata Singh
anthropogenic influences such as agricultural runoff and Writing – original draft: Bandana Mahto
industrial discharge. Writing – review & editing: All authors
With the WQI analysis using the CCME method,
approximately 76% of the water samples were classified Availability of data
as fair to excellent, whereas 24% fell into the marginal
to poor categories, emphasizing the need for targeted The data are available upon request to the corresponding
monitoring and remediation efforts in affected areas. author.
On the other hand, the heatmap shows improving
groundwater quality since 2011, with fewer poor References
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None. contamination from a municipal landfill: Effect of age,

Volume 22 Issue 1 (2025) 146 doi: 10.36922/ajwep.8142