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Blockchain for secure e-health data in smart cities

model, and the results show that the proposed method patient-centric, ensuring that even system administrators
can efficiently handle a large dataset with minimal cannot access data without user authorization. This
latency. The proposed research achieved 98% maximum approach empowers patients with control over their
efficiency, 95% transaction latency, 96% overall system data, improving security and privacy.
execution time, 92% data security, and 95% data For increased security and scalability, Sutradhar
scalability. et al. proposed an access and identity management
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In 2023, Alsuqaih et al. proposed a secure PP framework. Large data volumes and numerous
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diagnostic technique for e-health websites that utilized applications may be supported by the suggested
BT. The suggested work offered a functional access method, which made it a scalable and safe way to
control system, which may allow data owners to specify control accessibility to the Fabric system. Furthermore,
access controls for their private medical data. Users can to protect patient privacy and confidentiality, this
efficiently add or remove authorized physicians using system used role-based access restrictions depending on
their user interactions for key generation. Security the patient’s function. The statistical research showed
evaluations and experimental data demonstrate the that the suggested method can effectively and safely
suitability of the suggested health-chain framework handle patient information and access, which might
for intelligent health-care systems. The comprehensive revolutionize the health-care sector by boosting data
experimental analysis highlights BT’s computing interoperability and strengthening patient security and
efficiency and resilience against various security privacy.
breaches. A secure and confidential Global Network Record-
In 2024, Wang skillfully modified data structures sharing consortium blockchain-sequential minimal
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to meet the changing requirements of storage control optimization technique for diagnostic enhancements in
and safe access. He used a unique data structure called Cyber-Physical System e-HS that utilizes the BT was
the Enhanced Merkle Tree (EMT). To meet the needs presented by Hemalatha et al. in 2023. They used two
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of e-healthcare systems (e-HS), Wang adapted the different strategies, such as consortium blockchains,
traditional MT design employed by BT. The EMT which were constructed through the creation of
significantly enhanced data integrity control and consensus procedures and data structures. The public
strengthened data security for access and storage. With key was secured with keyword search to safeguard data,
several branches, leaves, and an individual root node, maintain privacy, manage access, and provide a secured
the consistent three-degree MT enables updated data search. The security analysis indicated that the proposed
validation, verification, and authentication processes. protocol can meet the security objectives. Furthermore,
When the suggested approach was used in the e-HS, Apache JMeter was used to evaluate the efficacy of the
the suggested EMT performed better than existing proposed technique. The suggested effort has a 99%
techniques, obtaining a minimum validation duration of forecast accuracy rate at a fair time cost.
14.26 m for 100 exchanges. As a result, this research In 2023, Yi introduced a cloud-based system,
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advanced the discussion on privacy by offering a including post-quantum searchable encryption, in which
creative and practical solution specifically designed to key generation utilizing Physical Unable Functions was
address the unique challenges faced by e-HS. a part of it. Medical records were encrypted and stored
A blockchain-inspired, safe, and dependable data in the cloud, whereas records were verified by BT and
exchange architecture for the cyber-physical medical retrieved through the cloud. A safe and effective cloud-
industry 4.0 was introduced by Kumar et al. in 2023. oriented health data system was suggested for digital
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To enhance Healthcare 4.0, the suggested system used twins by combining cloud encryption, blockchain
various encryption methods. In addition, a secure verification, and cloud retrieval. Compared to similar
health-care architecture powered by blockchain was concepts, this implementation shows that the system
proposed to manage and access patient and physician offered consumers safe and effective medical record
information. A patient-centric approach was used to services. This demonstrated how digital twins may
create a blockchain-oriented EHR exchange system. revolutionize health care by enabling safe, data-driven,
This implied that the owner retains complete ownership individualized planning, diagnosis, and treatment.
over their data, with BT providing security and privacy. A blockchain-orchestrated deep learning (DL)
According to testing findings, the suggested design can technique for secure data transmission in an Internet
withstand various security threats and restore data, even of Things-enabled health-care system was created in
if two or three nodes fail. The suggested paradigm was 2023 by Kumar et al. This approach was referred
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Volume 22 Issue 1 (2025) 151 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025040017