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Melnik, et al.

In a study by Kuznetsov et al., the high potential 2.2.2. Phytoremediation methods for wastewater
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for utilizing tires unsuitable for further use through treatment
pyrolysis and combustion of thermal decomposition Phytoremediation is an efficient and cost-effective
products in coal-water fuel mixtures is demonstrated. biotechnology for the purification of water, soil, and
It was found that adding pyrolysis products of liquid air. It is based on the ability of plants and associated
rubber to the structure of coal-water suspension leads to decomposer microorganisms to remove toxic
a significant acceleration of ignition processes. Based substances from the environment or convert them into
on experimental results, a new mathematical model was safe compounds.
developed to describe the ignition process of highly Numerous studies by Ukrainian and international
inhomogeneous, multicomponent fuels. researchers have focused on the purifying properties
In Vambol et al.’s research, the authors used of higher aquatic plants (HAP). These plants not only
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numerical simulations to demonstrate the feasibility absorb dissolved substances from water but also serve
of utilizing waste tires at high temperatures, followed as substrates for the growth of various microorganisms.
by the methanation of fuel gases and the separation These microorganisms contribute to the neutralization
of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures to produce of a significant portion of pollutants discharged into
liquefied methane. natural water bodies through surface runoff, thereby
Nie et al. highlight that hydrothermal gasification enhancing the quality of aquatic ecosystems. 18,19
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is a promising approach for recycling used tires. The Among the wide variety of macrophytes, the most
hydrothermal gasification of spent tires was assessed commonly used species for wastewater treatment
through chemical equilibrium analysis combined include common reed (Phragmites australis [Cav.] Trin
with the response surface methodology. The study ex Stend.), narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia L.),
considered various parameters, including the subcritical broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia L.), and lake bulrush
temperature range (250 – 300°C), transition temperature (Scirpus lacustris L.), along with several other species.
range (350 – 400°C), supercritical temperature range According to researchers, up to 450 kg of nitrogen, 180
(550 – 600°C), supercritical pressure (22.5 – 30.5 kg of phosphorus, 220 kg of potassium, and 330 kg of
MPa), and raw material concentration (5 – 20 wt%). chloride can be removed per hectare of reeds during the
This investigation provides foundational data for the growing season. 19,20
hydrothermal treatment of used tires. Meanwhile, Air-water macrophytes (such as reeds, cattails,
Subatkevičienė et al. proposed the use of car tire waste and others) enhance the gas regime of wetlands and
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as sorbents for treating industrial wastewater containing waterlogged soils. In the oxygen-rich environment
petroleum products. Production of sorbents from surrounding their fine roots, rhizosphere microorganisms
shredded used tires reduces waste and protects water proliferate in large numbers. These microorganisms
bodies from harmful pollutants. Experimental findings play a key role in the aerobic decomposition of organic
showed a cleaning efficiency ranging from 91.51% to matter accumulated in silt deposits, facilitating the
95.21%. conversion of substances into more bioavailable forms
In a study by Sivaraman et al., a method for recycling such as nutrition. As a result, HAP stimulates self-
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used tires as an adsorbent to sequester hexavalent purification processes and promotes air circulation
chromium from a simulated wastewater system is within bottom sediments. Research conducted by
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described. Leather and electroplating industry effluents specialists at the Ukrainian Research Institute of
often contain high concentrations of chromium, which Environmental Problems on the purification capacity
is a toxic and mutagenic contaminant. The spent tire of HAP led to the development of a method for using
samples were activated with orthophosphoric acid and these plants in treatment systems such as Constructed
used for adsorption studies. The proposed method of Wetlands. To date, more than 60 wastewater treatment
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using spent tire particles as adsorbents in the treatment projects in Ukraine have been designed based on this
of contaminated hexavalent chromium water provides methodology.
valuable guidance for further research in the areas of Constructed Wetlands have been successfully
dynamic adsorption and wastewater treatment. implemented for the treatment of domestic wastewater
The analysis of modern methods for the disposal of in countries like the Netherlands, Japan, and China,
used car tires underscores the relevance and necessity of as well as for the purification of contaminated surface
continued scientific research aimed at waste reduction runoff in Norway, Australia, and other nations, including
and environmental protection. Ukraine. 22

Volume 22 Issue 2 (2025) 208 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025080051