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Melnik, et al.

Wetlands, have led to a variety of terminological treatment facilities altogether, even when a centralized
definitions. These include terms such as botanical water supply exists but no drainage system is in place.
sites (or hydrobotanical sites), filter ponds, biological At present, in numerous villages and even small
ponds with HAP, filtration devices, artificial wetlands towns, the volume of wastewater generated and the
(or artificial swamps), bioplateaus, and bioengineering limited financial resources available for the operation
facilities for water quality regulation. A common feature of treatment facilities, such as funding for technical
across all these systems is the presence of biocenoses of staff, electricity costs, and routine maintenance, have
HAP, which directly or indirectly influence the biological significantly decreased. As a result, most treatment
processes involved in water quality transformation facilities in such communities are either non-functional
(purification) and the engineering characteristics of the or used merely as reservoirs for wastewater storage
structures (e.g., specific structural elements, operational before uncontrolled discharge into the environment.
parameters). This situation with water purification arises from
Typically, in such systems, water passes through two challenges: First, the unsuitability of existing
thickets of HAP or bog vegetation, partially through (conventional) treatment technologies for small-scale
a soil layer, and is then removed from the site through applications, and second, the high cost of operating
drainage. The primary operational parameters of such systems. For example, aeration tanks, commonly
artificial wetlands include the filtration path length used as treatment plants, require constant artificial
(ranging from 100 to 1,500 m) and the water flow support to maintain biodegradation processes. This
velocity (requiring 6 – 10 days for passage). The includes aeration, the addition of microorganisms,
effectiveness of these systems is evidenced by electricity consumption, regular monitoring, and skilled
reductions in the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen maintenance. In addition, the operation of aeration tanks
(by 30 – 60%), nitrates (by 10 – 20%), and BOD by is affected by fluctuations in the flow rate and chemical
5
50 – 70%. 24 composition of the water supplied for treatment. The
To fully understand the potential of HAP, further maintenance of such structures is manageable for large
research is needed to identify the most suitable cities with significant volumes of wastewater. However,
phytoremediation technologies for treating contaminated in villages, wastewater volumes are typically low, and
wastewater. there are often no funds allocated for the operation of
To assess the efficiency of surface wastewater treatment facilities.
treatment after fires using the phytoremediation Typically, in small settlements, the consumption of
method, experimental studies were conducted using a wastewater ranges from 15 to 30 m3/day (in villages, the
model setup. The modeling of phytoremediation and water supply usually serves several two- or three-story
infiltration processes was carried out in the laboratory buildings, a school, or a hospital). In such conditions, the
of the Department of Labor Protection and Technogenic most promising solution is the creation of autonomous
and Ecological Safety at the National University of sewerage systems in the villages. However, establishing
Civil Defense of Ukraine. a closed drainage cycle requires an effective method
Experimental results demonstrated the high for treating small volumes of wastewater. Among the
effectiveness of using reeds and filter nozzles made from various treatment options available for small volumes
defibrated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers of wastewater, the market offers different types of
for stormwater treatment. The treatment efficiency bioprocessors. These systems are generally expensive
reached 98.0% for suspended solids, 92.0% for BOD , to construct and operate, requiring the installation
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80.0% for petroleum products, and 90.0% for COD. 25 of prefabricated units, ongoing maintenance, and
continuous servicing by the manufacturer. Unfortunately,
2.2.3. Wastewater treatment method with used car tires the use of BTP is not always appropriate due to a number
The problem of untreated wastewater remains of limiting factors, such as terrain features, availability
particularly acute in small settlements lacking centralized of free space, and other site-specific constraints. BTP is
sewerage networks. In many cases, insufficient attention cost-effective primarily when wetlands are available or
has been given to wastewater treatment in these areas. when they can use existing infrastructure from previous
Although aeration tanks, biofilters, or settling tanks treatment facilities.
were sometimes installed, issues related to their Recently, as an alternative to sewage treatment
proper operation and ongoing maintenance were often plants in settlements with small amounts of wastewater,
left unaddressed. Some settlements still lack sewage the installation of autonomous sewage treatment plants

Volume 22 Issue 2 (2025) 210 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025080051