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Advanced Neurology Brain AT -R and kidney crosstalk
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by a hypersodic diet, as expected [33,47,48] . Our experimental The decreased urinary osmolarity and creatinine
design allowed independent evaluation of water and sodium excretion concomitant with increased urinary volume
intake, representing an advantage over protocols where the induced by a hypersodic diet revealed the AVP role over
sodium is administered through drinking water. renal function. This is also supported by the effects induced
In accordance with other authors, we found that 6 days by renal denervation. Moreover, the ANG II role over AVP
of hypersodic diet (4%) did not affect plasmatic sodium becomes evident since the AT -R antagonist restores the
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and creatinine [49,50] . Moreover, it has been described AVP actions at the renal level. Considering all together, it is
that this experimental protocol did not increase blood possible to suggest that the hypersodic diet could promote
pressure [28,49,51] . Although renal denervation diminished AVP release as a consequence of ANG II acting on AT -R
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sodium excretion modifying the sodium balance, the water (Figure 8).
balance remained unaffected. Concerning potassium, 4.3. Limitations
differences in excretion and balance were not observed.
The present study lacks AVP quantification in serum or
urine since a time course is necessary to find out the best
period to perform the determination. The conclusions are
based on evidence collected from brain immunostaining
and urine parameters.
5. Conclusions

The sedentary lifestyle of modern society and diets rich in
glucose, lipids, and sodium has detrimental consequences
for human health. Preclinical and epidemiological
studies have associated metabolic syndrome with the
development of neurodegenerative pathologies. Since
brain ANG II through AT -R exerts a close interaction
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with SNS in the renal sodium equilibrium in normal and
pathological conditions, this opens the possibility of new
interventions with ANG II inhibitors as sympatholytic
agent. Considering that most evidence is from male rats, it
is important to develop studies including both sexes and to
analyze the role of sex hormones.

Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Maria Julia Ortiz and Pablo
Prokopiuk for their technical assistance at the vivarium.
Funding

This study was supported by grants from SECyT to Dr. Gustavo
Baiardi and from Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica
y Tecnológica (PICT 2016/0403) to Dr Claudia Bregonzio.
Dr. Gustavo Baiardi and Dr. Claudia Bregonzio are career
members of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET).

Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to report nor any
Figure 8. The scheme shows the involvement of AT1 receptors in the involvements to disclose, financial, or otherwise.
brain and kidney crosstalk mediating the interactions between the central
nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system and the renal function. Author contributions
Angiotensin II, through its AT receptors, has a critical role in the brain
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and kidney crosstalk mediating the interactions between the central Conceptualization: Celia Ruberto, Claudia Bregonzio,
nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the renal function. Gustavo Baiardi

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 11 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.393