Page 29 - AN-2-3
P. 29
Advanced Neurology The role of gut in multiple sclerosis
59. Olsson A, Gustavsen S, Nguyen TD, et al., 2021, Serum 174: 1263–1280.
short-chain fatty acids and associations with inflammation https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13622
in newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis and
healthy controls. Front Immunol, 12: 661493. 70. Masilamani M, Wei J, Sampson HA, 2012, Regulation of
the immune response by soybean isoflavones. Immunol Res,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.661493
54: 95–110.
60. Lim CK, Bilgin A, Lovejoy DB, et al., 2017, Kynurenine https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-012-8331-5
pathway metabolomics predicts and provides mechanistic
insight into multiple sclerosis progression. Sci Rep, 7: 41473. 71. Rafii F, 2015, The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism
of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites,
https://doi.org/4147310.1038/srep41473
5: 56–73.
61. Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Bunse L, et al., 2016,
Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5010056
modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system 72. Clavel T, Borrmann D, Braune A, et al., 2006, Occurrence
inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Med, and activity of human intestinal bacteria involved in the
22: 586–597. conversion of dietary lignans. Anaerobe, 12: 140–147.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.11.002
62. Nourbakhsh B, Bhargava P, Tremlett H, et al., 2018, 73. Freedman SN, Shahi SK, Mangalam AK, 2018, The “gut
Altered tryptophan metabolism is associated with pediatric feeling”: Breaking down the role of gut microbiome in
multiple sclerosis risk and course. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 5: multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics, 15: 109–125.
1211–1221.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0588-x
https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.637
74. Jensen SN, Cady NM, Shahi SK, et al., 2021, Isoflavone diet
63. Rothhammer V, Borucki DM, Sanchez MI, et al., 2017, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Dynamic regulation of serum aryl hydrocarbon receptor through modulation of gut bacteria depleted in patients
agonists in MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 4: e359. with multiple sclerosis. Sci Adv, 7: eabd4595.
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000359 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd4595
64. Kaye J, Piryatinsky V, Birnberg T, et al., 2016, Laquinimod 75. Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, et al., 2019, The pros, cons, and
arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med, 25: 716–729.
activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A, 113: E6145–E6152. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607843113 76. Morshedi M, Hashemi R, Moazzen S, et al., 2019,
Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of
65. Rothhammer V, Kenison JE, Li Z, et al., 2021, Aryl probiotics in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.
hydrocarbon receptor activation in astrocytes by laquinimod J Neuroinflammation, 16: 231.
ameliorates autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. Neurol
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 8: e946. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1611-4
https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000946 77. Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Feliú A, et al., 2020, How
oral probiotics affect the severity of an experimental model
66. Vollmer TL, Sorensen PS, Selmaj K, et al., 2014, A of progressive multiple sclerosis? Bringing commensal
randomized placebo-controlled phase III trial of oral bacteria into the neurodegenerative process. Gut Microbes,
laquinimod for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol, 261: 773–783. 12: 1813532.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7264-4 https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1813532
67. Wilck N, Matus MG, Kearney SM, et al., 2017, Salt-responsive 78. Calvo-Barreiro L, Eixarch H, Ponce-Alonso M, et al.,
gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease. Nature, 2020, A commercial probiotic induces tolerogenic and
551: 585–589. reduces pathogenic responses in experimental autoimmune
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24628 encephalomyelitis. Cells, 9: 906.
68. Rothhammer V, Borucki DM, Tjon EC, et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9040906
Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial 79. Colpitts SL, Kasper EJ, Keever A, et al., 2017, A bidirectional
metabolites. Nature, 557: 724–728.
association between the gut microbiota and CNS disease in
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0119-x a biphasic murine model of multiple sclerosis. Gut Microbes,
8: 561–573.
69. Rietjens IMC, Louisse J, Beekmann K, 2017, The potential
health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Br J Pharmacol, https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2017.1353843
Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023) 12 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.413

